Cardiac Markers and Lipids

Question 1

This enzyme is very specific to the liver

Answer 1

ALT

Question 2

Elevated levels of this enzyme are found in hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct obstruction, mono, and drugs (Rx or illicit)

Answer 2

ALT & AST

Question 3

What is the normal ratio of AST/ALT?

Answer 3

0.8

Question 4

A ratio of 2:1 in AST/ALT would mean?

Answer 4

alcoholic hepatitis

Question 5

This enzyme is tested to detect alcohol indued liver disease

Answer 5

gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)

Question 6

The major value of this in the diagnosis of liver disorders is in the recognition of cholestatic (gallbladder) disease

Answer 6

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Question 7

The most abundant plasma protein in the body

Answer 7

Albumin

Question 8

_______ is essential for maintaining osmotic pressure in the intravascular compartments

Answer 8

Albumin

Question 9

These 2 tests are used to determine clotting tendency of the blood, warfarin damage, vitamin K status, and liver damage

Answer 9

Prothrombin time and international normalized ration (PT & INR)

Question 10

Is there increased or decreased levels of total protein in those who have chronic hepatitis B & C, HIV, multiple myeloma?

Answer 10

Increased levels

Question 11

This enzyme is elevated in the presence of CA of many organs of the body

Answer 11

Lactatedehydrogenase (LDH)

Question 12

What serum tests are used to measure damage to the heart?

Answer 12

Total creatinine kinase (CK)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Troponin
Myoglobin
B-type naturetic peptide (BNP)

Question 13

This enzyme is used as a specific index of injury to myocardial and muscle tissue and a small amount in the brain

Answer 13

Creatinine Kinase (CK)

Question 14

What are the 3 isoenzymes of CK?

Answer 14

CK BB
CK MB
CK MM

Question 15

This CK isoenzyme is found primarily in the brain, GI and genitourinary tract. It is elevated with brain injury.

Answer 15

CK BB

Question 16

This CK isoenzyme is found primarily in skeletal muscle

Answer 16

CK MM

Question 17

This CK isoenzyme is found primarily in cardiac muscle

Answer 17

CK MB

Question 18

Elevated levels of CK-MB indicate?

Answer 18

Myocardial damage

Question 19

Increases in this enzyme indicate cellular death and leakage of enzyme from the cell

Answer 19

LDH

Question 20

Elevated levels of LDH can be found in these diseases:

Answer 20

CHF
Liver disease
CA
Lung disease
Muscular dystrophy
Megablastic anemia
Hemolytic anemias
MI

Question 21

An elevation of this is considered the gold standard for detection of MI

Answer 21

Troponin

Question 22

An oxygen binding protein of striated muscle

Answer 22

Myoglobin

Question 23

Troponin levels are detected after how many hours after an MI?

Answer 23

3-12 hours

Question 24

Troponin levels peak after how many hours of a MI?

Answer 24

18-24 hours

Question 25

This enzyme is used to monitor treatment in patients who suffer from CHF?

Answer 25

BNP

Question 26

If a patient is SOB with known history of CAD or MI, what test do you order?

Answer 26

BNP

Question 27

An elevated total cholesterol level is associated with?

Answer 27

Increased risk of atherosclerosis and MI

Question 28

HDL helps protect against?

Answer 28

Atherosclerosis

Question 29

Higher amounts of VLDL are linked to?

Answer 29

A high risk of heart disease

Question 30

When do you order a lipid panel?

Answer 30

When the patient has a risk factor: diabetes; smoking; age; obesity; HTN; FH of increased lipids; CAD

Question 31

Reasons for increased triglycerides

Answer 31

``` hyperlipidemia pancreatitis liver disease alcoholism nephrotic syndrome hypothyroidism MI gout ```