Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 409 > Intro to Zoonotic Disease > Flashcards

Intro to Zoonotic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is zoonoses?

A

any disease or infection that is natrually transmissible from nonhuman vertebrates to humans or vice-versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is zooanthroponosis? Give three examples

A

human to animal transmission
e.g. amebiasis to dogs, TB, ascaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is anthrozoonosis? Give three examples

A

animal to human transmission
e.g. rabies, brucellosis, ascaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are three methods of transmision of zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. direct contact (animals-animals; animals-humans)
  2. environmental transmission (contaminated food and water)
  3. vectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

very binary term - ability of an organism to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is infectivity?

A

The likelihood that an agent will infect a host, given that the host is exposed to the agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is virulence?

A

Degree of disesase caused - depends on host-pathogen interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease; many poeple are infected at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 5 features of a pandemic?

A

A large epidemic with:

  • wide geographical extension
  • significant transmission –> disease movement and extension of geographic range
  • highly contagious and short incubation times –> increased attack rate and explosive spread of symptomatic disease
  • minimal population immunity –> disease spread
  • often severe (fatal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe herd immunity

A
  • vaccination/natural immunity of a portion of the population (or herd) provides protection to unvax/non-immune individuals
  • the more immune individuals present in a population the less likely that a susceptible person will come into contact with an infected individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a host?

A

organism that harbors a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a primary host?

A

critical to the life cycle of the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a dead end host?

A

pathogen cannot be transmitted from this host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a reservoir? What is the significance of reservoirs? What do reservoirs differ from?

A
  • animals or inanimate sources harboring disease-causing organisms
  • serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks
  • differ from carries, amplifiers (agents of disease transmission)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a vector?

A

an orgnaisms, often an invertebrate arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from reservoir –> host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is morbidity?

A

illness/clinical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is mortality?

A

Death

18
Q

What is prevelance?

A

total number of cases of the disease in the population at a given time

19
Q

What is incidence? How do you calculate it?

A

a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time
incidence = (new cases)/(population x time-frame)

20
Q

What is the species barrier effect ?

A

Barrier between two different species

21
Q

What is a complete barrier?

A

no transmission

22
Q

What is a partial barrier?

A

transmission after long period of time or transmission in the absence of disease

23
Q

What is adaptation/selection?

A

the ability of an agent to “evolve” in a new host

24
Q

What are serial passages?

A

pathogen modified during passage to adapt to new hosts

25
Q

What are some old vs new zoontotic diseases?

A

old = malaria, HIV-1
new = ebola, MERS, influenza strains, zika, COVID-19

26
Q

Describe the 5 different stages of zoonotic diseases and give an example for each stage

A
  1. the pathogen is present in animals, but it doesn’t infect humans under natural conditions (e.g. feline distemper)
  2. the pathogen can be transmitted from animals –> humans, but cannot spread human –> human (e.g. Nipha virus)
  3. the pathogen can be transmitted from animals –> humans and can pass between humans; however, the pathgoen is not well adapted to human and the pathogen will die out after a few cycles of transmission (e.g. ebola virus)
  4. the pathogen can be transmitted from animals to humans and can pass between humans; it can adapt to living in humans for long periods of time without going back to animal hosts (e.g. cholera)
  5. a pathogen exclusively infects humans; the pathogen may have co-evolved with humans or colonized humans recently and evolved into a specialized human pathogen (e.g. HIV)
27
Q

What are three modes in which an infectious disease can be defined as “emerging”? Give an example for each mode

A
  1. a new agents appears in a new geographic area (e.g. avian influenza, HIV-1, SARS, H1N1)
  2. a known agent or its close relative affects a new host species (e.g. MRSA, TB, chloroquine resistant malaria, HIV-1, SARS)
  3. a known pathogen that increases incidence (e.g. lyme disease)
28
Q

What is an endemic zoonotic? What are they often? Why do they become endemic?

A
  • present in a population for centuries to millennia
  • often neglected diseases
  • occasionally occur as epidemics
  • become endemic/chronic due to societal effects
29
Q

Bioterrorism

Define Class A (highest risk) agents/characteristics, give examples

A
  • can easily be disseminated or transmitted from person –> person
  • result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impacts
  • might cause public panic and social disruption
  • require special action for public health preparedness
  • e.g. anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, ebola
30
Q

Bioterrorism

Define Class B (moderate risk) agents/characteristics, give examples

A
  • moderately easy to disseminate
  • result in moderate morbidity rates and lower mortality rates
  • require specific enhancements of CDC’s diagnostic capacity and enhanced disease surveillance
  • e.g. salmonella, camplyobacter, pathogenic E coli, WNV, brucella, giardia
31
Q

Give a few examples of infectious disease that cause chronic illness

A
  • h pylori –> peptic ulcers and cancer
  • HPV –> cervical cancer
  • M. pneumoniae –> chronic asthma
32
Q

What are 5 factors that affect disease transmission

A
  • disease agent
  • vertebrate hosts
  • vectors
  • environment
  • climate change
33
Q

Why are birds and bats good vertebrate hosts for diseases?

A

they are quite mobile, live around humans, and there are lots of species

34
Q

How can serological tests help determine a diseases reservoir host?

A

If Abs against the agent are present, then this can implicate them as the reservoir, but could be an intermediate

35
Q

What is the dilution effect?

A

Normal conditions: high biodiversity, fewer reservoirs in a community –> fewer infected vectors –> fewer human infections

Dilution: low biodiversity, more reservoirs in a community –> more infected vectors –> more human infections

36
Q

What are three sources of human exposure to zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. movement of animals
  2. ecological disruption
  3. bioterrorism
37
Q

How is animal movement a source of human exposure to zoonotic diseases?

A
  • livestock and poultry - high quantities of meat/products move between countries
  • exotic animals - pet trade, reptiles, zoo animals, wildlife
38
Q

How is ecological disruption a source of human exposure to zoonotic diseases?

A

humans encroaching on a new habitat

39
Q

Why are some disease under-diagnosed?

A
  • pockets of infection
  • shared symptoms
  • diagnosis is complex or lack of inexpensive diagnostic tests
  • education of pts, MDs, vets
40
Q

Why are impovrished people more likely to contract a zoonotic disease?

A
  • occupational
  • food safety
41
Q

What are 3 ways to surveil zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. molecular biology tools - PCR and rapid genome sequencing
  2. one health - doctors and vets
  3. international monitoring

BIOL 409 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions