Impact of Zoonosis on Animal Health

Question 1

What are the differences between companion, wild, and food animals in terms of their health?

Answer 1

companion

• 1 host
• 1 pathogen
• closed environment

wild

• 1 host
• > 1 pathogen
• open environment

food animal

• > > 1 host
• > > 1 pathogen
• stress and crowded conditions
• impacts of genetics/selection, feed and environment on animal immunity
• diseases resistence/resilience front and centre of selection process?

Question 2

What does it mean to be resistent vs resilient?

Answer 2

• resistent = capacity to resist infection (susceptibility)
• resilience = if infected, capactiy to still perform

Question 3

What are 4 major issues limiting responsible growth of fish?

Answer 3

1. fish disease
2. environmental concerns – antibiotics, chemicals, climate change
3. acceptance, cooperation, co-management: industry, environemental groups, gov, first nations, coastal resouce-based communities
4. economic stability

Question 4

What is a social licence?

Answer 4

ability of an industry to operate under socially acceptable conditions

Question 5

How do fish farms manage antibiotic resistance to the one only available antibiotic?

Answer 5

rotate farms – like rotating crops

Question 6

How does rainfall affect T. mer?

Answer 6

• fall and winter seasons with less rain increase risk
• T. mar requires saline conitions to grow – more freshwater rain = worse for T. mer, better for us and vice versa

Question 7

How does stress affect salmon smolts in farms vs the wild?

Answer 7

• in farms: smolts live in freshwater and get moved to salt water to grow –> stress
• in wild: smolts have time to gradually adjust to saltwater

Question 8

What are two possibilities that can be tested to understand how T.mar kills salmon? Why are both these approaches valid?

Answer 8

1. salmon succumb to systemic toxicity that stems from microbial product release – reflects the primary location of T mar lesions in the mouth: during teething holes open up –> opportunisitic pathogens enter
2. intestinal barrier dysfunaction –> physiological shock – consistent with decreased feed intake evident across deceased fish

Question 9

Describe some general properties of the bacteria C. perfringens

Answer 9

• G+
• anaerobic
• spore-froming
• many virulent toxins
• produces enterotoxin (CPE)
• part of chicken microbiome

Question 10

Why does C. per being part of the chicken microbiome make developing a vaccine harder? How will this have to be overcomed, why?

Answer 10

actively stimulates a tolergenic response –> limits capacity to form an effective vaccine (e.g. sIgA tells body to not react to it)

overcome: generate a vaccine targeted towards chicks – easy to collect and do not have a tolerogenic response yet

Question 11

If C. per is part of the microbiome of chickens, then why aren’t all the chickens dead?

Answer 11

opportunistic – only pathogenic when the chicken is stressed say from overcrowded conditions

Question 12

Why are waterborne pathogens in Alberta derived from agirculture?

Answer 12

• pathogens from cow manure get into water from runoff
• high livestock population densities in productive intestive farms –> more manure (and thus more pathogens) in the water

Question 13

What is associated with areas that have the highest water vulberability?

Answer 13

more intensive land usage

Question 14

How does agirculture affect water quality and water quality affect agirculture?

Answer 14

agirculture contaminates water and uses lots of water that is contaminated