intro to variation over time

Question 1

4 reasons why language changes?

Answer 1

technology.
changes in social attitudes.
changes in attitudes to language.
new identities.

Question 2

what 4 things do we need to understand to analyse language change?

Answer 2

HOW language changes.
WHY language changes.
attitudes towards changes.
identifying these changes in genres/texts.

Question 3

what 3 languages does english derive from?

Answer 3

anglo-saxon, old norse, norman french.

Question 4

what are the 3 stages of english and rough dates?

Answer 4

early modern english 1500ish.
late modern english 1800ish.
Present day english 1960s onward.

Question 5

what did the great vowel shift result in?

Answer 5

affected pronunciation of vowel sounds but left old spellings, making english very hard to spell.

Question 6

what slowed change in english?

Answer 6

printing press invented.

Question 7

what are the 2 ways english gains new words?

Answer 7

loan words and neologisms.

Question 8

where do loan words come from?

Answer 8

colonialism, trade, different countries technology.

Question 9

7 types of neologisms and 1 example of each?

Answer 9

blending - glamping.
compounding - clickbait.
conversion - ghosting.
acronym - fomo, lol.
affixation - unfriend.
clipping - flu.
eponym - hoover.

Question 10

6 types of semantic shift?

Answer 10

amelioration - meaning of word has improved over time.
pejoration - meaning has worsened over time.
semantic broadening - specific to general.
semantic narrowing - general to specific.
bleaching - lose original intensity.
metaphor - moves from one semantic field to another.