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Urinalysis > Intro to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Intro to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 reasons for performing urinalysis identified by CLIS?

A
  • Disease diagnosis
  • Screening asympomatic populations for undetected disease
  • Monitoring disease progress
  • Monitoring effectiveness of therapy
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2
Q

Kidneys have two types of nephrons, what are they and what are their function.

A
  • ​Cortical nephrons (85% nephrons)
    • remove waste
    • reabsorb nutrients
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons
    • Longer loops of Henle
    • Primary function is to concentrate urine
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3
Q

What influences the final concntration of urine?

A

reabsorbtion which depends on osmotic gradient in medulla and ADH.

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4
Q

In general urine consists of?

A
  • urea and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water
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5
Q

Urine is normally _____ water and _____ solutes.

A
  • 95%
  • 5%
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6
Q

What factors cause variations in concentration of solutes in urine? (4)

A
  • Dietary intake
  • Physical activity
  • Metabolism
  • Endocrine function
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7
Q

What are the two substances used to deterine if a fluid is urine?

A
  • Creatinine
  • Urea
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8
Q

What is the normal daily urine output?

What range is considered normal?

A
  • 1200 - 1500 mL
  • 600 - 2000 mL
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9
Q

What is Oliguria?

A
  • A urine output <400 mL in adults
  • <1 mL/kg/hr in children
  • <0.5 mL/kg/hr in infants
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10
Q

Oliguria can lead to Anuria, which is?

A

the cessation of urine flow, whihc may be because of serios kidney damage or decrease in blood flow to kidneys.

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11
Q

What is Polyuria?

A

AN increase in daily urine volume, greater 2.5 L in adults and 2.0 - 3.0 mL/kg/day in children.

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12
Q

Polyuria is often associated with??

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • artificailly induced by diuretics, caffiene, or alcohol which suppress ADH.
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13
Q

Urine from a patiant with diabetes has a?

A
  • High specific gravity
  • Increased glucose content
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14
Q

Urine from a patient with diabetes insipidus has a?

Because?

A

Low specific gravity, urine is truly dilute

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15
Q

Fluid loss in Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus is compensated by?

A

Polydipsia (increased water intake) leading to greater urine volume.

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16
Q

Following collection, specimens should be delivered to the lab within what time frame?

If a specimen cannot be delivered and tested within the given time frame, what should be done?

A
  • 2 hours
  • refridgerated or a chemical preservative added
17
Q
A

Most changes are related to prescence and growth of bacteria.

  • Increases: colour, TBD, pH, nitrite, bacteria, odour
  • Decreases: Clarity, glucose, keytones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, RBC and WBC casts, and trichomonas
18
Q

What temperature is refridgeration?

What does refridgeration decrease?

A
  • 2 - 8 oC
  • bacterial growth and metabolism
19
Q

What type of specimen is essential for preventing false-negative preganancy tests, is the ideal screening specimen, and is used for evaluating orthostatic pressure?

A

First morning specimen

20
Q

When might a 24 hour speciment collection be required?

A

Whn the concentration of the substance to be measured changes with diurnal variations and daily activities, such as exercise, meals and body metabolism.

21
Q

To obtain and accurate timed 24 hour speciment the patient must begin and end the collection period with?

A

an empty bladder

22
Q

Describe a catheterized specimen?

A

A specimen collected user sterile conditions by passion a hollow tube throughthe ureathra into the bladder.

23
Q

What is the most commonly requested test on a catheterized specimen and done before routine analysis?

A

bacterial culture

24
Q

Desribe a midstream clean catch?

A

Less traumatic method of getting pee for bacterial culture, less contaminated by bacteria and epithlial cells.

  • clean genitals w/ towlette
  • begin peeing
  • collect from midstream
  • finish peeing
25
Q

Prostatitis: Describe the Three-Glass Collection Method?

A

Clean area w/ mid male midstream catch

  • Cup 1 - first pee collected
  • Cup 2 - midstream catch
  • Cup 2 - prostate massaged so prostate juice colllected with rest of pee.
26
Q

Three-Glass Collection Method, what will be contained in the 3rd speciment in prostatic infection?

A

WBC high power field count and bacterual count 10x first specimen

27
Q

In the Three-Glass Collection Method, which specimen is used as a control for kidney and bladder infection?

A

Second specimen

28
Q

Three-Glass Collection Method: If speciment 2 is positive what does this mean for the results from the 3rd specimen?

A

results invalid bacause infected urine has contaminated the specimen

29
Q

Prostatitis: Pre and Post Massage Test (PPMT)

Describe the above test?

What indicates a positive result?

A
  • Cup 1 - clean midstream catch
  • Cup 2 - second sample collected after protate massaged
  • significant bacteruria greater than 10x pre-massage count
30
Q

How is a pediatric specimen collected?

A

Sterile adhesive bag.

31
Q

What are the three types of drug specimen collection?

A
  • Chain of Custody (COC)
  • Witnessed
  • Unwitnessed
32
Q

Describe COC specimen collection?

A
  • Process of documentation of sample identifiction from collection to receipt of lab results ,
  • allows urine to widstand legal scutiny
  • ensures no unathorized access to sample was possible.
  • Witnessed
33
Q

In a witnessed or unwitnessed specimen collection, how soon should the temperature be checked?

What is the temperature range?

A
  • Within 4 minutes of collection
  • Temp 32.5 - 37.7 oC

Urinalysis (4 decks)

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