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Clinical Toxicology > Intro to toxicology > Flashcards

Intro to toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

How is the environment attributed to human diseases?

A

Many human diseases attributed to incompatibility between our current environment and the environment for which our genome is adapted

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2
Q

Define toxicology

A

The branch of science concerned with the nature, effects and detection of poisons

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3
Q

Define mithridatic

A

Tolerance/immunity via progressively increasing dosing (antidote)

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4
Q

What did the dude Paracelsus say about doses (grandfather of toxicology)

A

All things are poison and nothing is without poison, only the dose permits something not to be poisonous

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5
Q

Describe concept of dose response

A

There is a line between therapeutic effect and toxic effect - and increasing dose leads one to the other

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6
Q

Define xenobiotic (opposite to endobiotic)

A

any foreign substance to our body

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7
Q

Define toxic agent

A

agent that can cause toxicity

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8
Q

Define poisons

A

Agents that produce toxicity or even death, generally at low doses

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9
Q

Define toxin

A

Toxic compounds produced by biological systems

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10
Q

Define intoxication

A

When a compound reaches values above the safe maximum dose

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11
Q

Define toxic syndrome/ toxidrome

A

Constellation of toxic effects comprising a set of clinical fingerprints of a group of toxic chemicals

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12
Q

The majority of poisonings are unintentional but majority of deaths secondary to poisoning are intentional - true or false?

A

true :))

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13
Q

Most poisonings are by ingestion and occur at home - true or false

A

true :))

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14
Q

What is the most commonly reported poison

A

Analgesics (painkiller that effects the nervous system)

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15
Q

Which poison is associated with the most deaths

A

Analgesics!

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16
Q

Which poison is associated with the least deaths?

A

Hydrocarbons

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17
Q

What is the most common poisonous killer

A

Carbon monoxide

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18
Q

List the ways of classifying xenobiotics

A

.Target organ classification
. According to use in public domain (insecticides, food additives, therapeutic drugs)
. According to source (botanical, environment)
. According to effects (pathological, mutagenic, carcinogenic)
. According to physical state (solids, liquids, gases)
. According to biochemical properties (chemical structure, mechanisms of action)
. Exposure (route/ duration and frequency)

19
Q

Give examples of classifying with target organs

A

Agents affecting hematopoietic system (anticoagulants), hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic pulmonary, cardiovascular

20
Q

List the routes of exposure

A

Oral (popular), Intranasal, inhalation, parenteral

21
Q

List the different durations of exposure

A

Acute (<24h) - one exposure or continuous low-dose exposure
Chronic (>3months) continuous or repeated intermittent exposure

Can be single or repeated dose

22
Q

List the four chemical interactions toxic agents can have

A

Agonistic
Antagonistic
Potentiation (the effect of one drug is greatly increased by the intake of another drug)/Synergistic (interaction so that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects)
Additive

23
Q

What types of effect could toxic agents have?

A 
Allergic/hypersensitivity
Local vs. symptomatic 
Idiosyncratic 
Reversible vs. irreversible 
Immediate vs delayed 
Target therapeutic effect
24
Q

Explain the difference between synergism and potentiation

A

Synergism is talking about the interaction of two or more substances, while potentiation is talking about a singular substance and how it may act when in a synergy relationship

25
Q

Reversible vs. irreversible reactions

A

most drugs are reversible until a critical point is reached - where vital function is compromised or carcinogenic event happens

26
Q

Local vs Systemic effects

A

Depend on site of exposure - skin or lungs are frequent targets. Hypersensitivity reactions type I and IV, type II are elicited through oral or parenteral

27
Q

In what situations will you need to modify the therapeutic regime?

A

When there is compromised kidney function
In response to the diseased organ
When you want to mimic the toxicity of a compound

28
Q

List the harmful effects of a toxic compound (terms that are given)

A

Asphyxiant - reduce oxygen concentration in the air (simple), interference with oxygen transport or utilisation of oxygen (chemical)
Irritant
Corrosive
Narcotic - depression of central nervous system)
Sensitiser - allergic reaction in susceptible people - not easy to identify
Toxic
Carcinogen
Mutagen
Teratogen

29
Q

What is a graded dose response?

A

Relationship of an individual test subject or system to increasing and/ or continuous doses of a chemical

30
Q

What is the quantal dose response determined by/

A

The distribution of responses to increasing doses in a population of test subjects or systems

It is generally classified as an ‘all or none effect’ where the test system or organisms are quantified as either ‘responders’ or ‘non responders’

31
Q

What is LD50? (lethal dose)

A

A statistically calculated dose of a chemical that causs death in 50% of the animals tested

32
Q

What else can be derived from a quantal dose response curve?

A

Therapeutic and toxic dose, from ED50 and TD50 (effective and toxic dose)

33
Q

Define ED50 and TD50

A

Dose that produces an effective dose in 50% of the population that takes it.
Dose at which tonxicity occurs in 50% of the population that takes it

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of using LD50

A

Large numbers of animals are required, doesn’t provide information regarding mechanistic effects
doesn’t suggest complementary or selective pathways

35
Q

What is the relationship between lethal/toxic and the effective dose calculated and expressed by?

A

The therapeutic index (TI)

36
Q

Define Inhibitory concentration (IC50)

A

Concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of a measured response in an in-vitro system - typically calculated off typical concentration- effect curve

37
Q

What does the IC50 allow?

A

Comparisons of concentration of chemicals necessary to inhibit any measurable parameter (cell proliferation, cell synthesis, DNA synthesis

38
Q

What are the advantages of using IC50

A

Can replace animal toxicity - more cost efficient and can be more predictive of assessing human clinical toxicity than current animal protocols

39
Q

What Is the threshold dose?

A

Point at which toxicity first appears

40
Q

What does NOAEL stand for?

A

no observed adverse effect level

41
Q

What is ADME?

A

Considers at what rate does the chemical enter the body , what storage and metabolism ensues and subsequent excretion
absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

42
Q

How does toxicokinetics different from pharmacokinetics

A

Pharmacokinetics - study of drug distribution in physiological compartment
Toxicokinetics - includes study of exogenous compounds (xenobiotics), the adverse effects, passage through the physiological compartments and fate of chemical.
Also includes compartmental toxicokinetics

43
Q

Define toxicodynamics

A

Concerns the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects

Clinical Toxicology (8 decks)

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