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Toxicology & Statistics > Intro to Tox & Calcs > Flashcards

Intro to Tox & Calcs Flashcards

1
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The study and science of poisons (toxicants)

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2
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

A substance (poison) that may interfere with life processes or biological functions

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3
Q

What other sciences is toxicology related to?

A

Pharmacology, clinical medicine, infectious diseases, pathology, histology, physiology, biochemistry, anatomy

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4
Q

What are xenobiotics?

A

Foreign chemicals not produced by the body

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5
Q

What are the two sources of toxicants?

A

Natural or synthetic

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6
Q

What are some examples of natural toxicants?

A

Plant, animal, mineral, fungi or bacteria, gas

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7
Q

What are some examples of synthetic toxicants?

A

Insecticides, organophosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organic herbicides

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8
Q

What is poison from a biological process?

A

Biotoxin

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9
Q

Define toxic.

A

Used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of a poison

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10
Q

What is toxicosis?

A

The disease caused by exposure to a toxin

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11
Q

What is the difference between acute toxicity and subacute toxicity?

A

Acute toxicity is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses over 24 hours.
Subacute toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from 1 day to 30 days.

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12
Q

What is the difference between chronic toxicity and subchronic toxicity?

A

Chronic toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from 3 months or more.
Subchronic toxicity is the effect exposed by daily exposure from 30 to 90 days.

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13
Q

What is chronicity factor?

A

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50.

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14
Q

Toxicity of any substance is influenced by which several factors?

A

Species, breed, sex, individual, age, dosage of poison, duration of exposure, idiosyncrasies

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15
Q

T/F: Rapidly metabolized compounds will have a low chronicity factor.

A

True

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16
Q

Development of tolerance due to increased metabolism will do what to the chronicity factor?

A

Decrease it

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17
Q

Compounds with a cumulative effect will have a high or low chronicity factor?

A

High

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18
Q

A chronicity factor of what will indicate a relatively cumulative toxin?

A

Greater than 2

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19
Q

Give an example of a cumulative toxicant and a rapidly excreted toxin.

A 
Cumulative= Warfarin
Excreted= Caffeine
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20
Q

Extremely toxic

A

1 mg/kg or less

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21
Q

Highly toxic

A

1-50 mg/kg

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22
Q

Moderately toxic

A

50-500 mg/kg

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23
Q

Slightly toxic

A

0.5-5 g/kg

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24
Q

Practically nontoxic

A

5-15 g/kg

25
Q

Relatively harmless

A

15 g/kg

26
Q

The highest nontoxic dose (HNTD)

A

The highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations

27
Q

Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD)

A

Similar to highest nontoxic dose

28
Q

Toxic dose low (TDL)

A

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will NOT cause death

29
Q

Toxic dose high (TDH)

A

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose WILL result in death

30
Q

No effect level (maximum nontoxic level)

A

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness or toxic alterations in any animal for the stated period

31
Q

Lethal dose

A

Dose that causes death in any animal during a period of

observation

32
Q

What kind of response is lethal dose?

A

All or none response

33
Q

LD 0

A

Highest dose that does NOT cause death

34
Q

LD 50

A

Median lethal dose, kills 50% of the animals in the group

35
Q

LD 100

A

Lowest dose that kills all the animals in the group

36
Q

What is a hazard?

A

The danger from the possibility of exposure

37
Q

How can risk factor be calculated?

A

The ratio between toxicity and use level

38
Q

Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs. What is the difference?

A

The DOSE is the difference!

39
Q

1 Gal = ? mL

A

4,000 mL

40
Q

1 qt = ? mL

A

1,000 mL

41
Q

1 kg = ? L

A

1 L

42
Q

1 ton = ? kg

A

907 kg

43
Q

1 pt = ? mL

A

500 mL

44
Q

1 oz = ? g

A

30 g

45
Q

1 kg = ? lb

A

2.2 lb

46
Q

What is the most common method of expressing

concentrations in veterinary toxicology?

A

Parts per million (ppm)

47
Q

1 ppm

A

1 mg/ kg = 1 mg/ L = 1 mcg/ g

48
Q

1 ppb

A

1 mcg/ kg = 1 mcg/ L

49
Q

ppm to percentage

A

1 ppm = 0.0001%

50
Q

To convert from ppm to %

A

Move decimal point 4 places to the LEFT

51
Q

To convert from % to ppm

A

Move decimal point 4 places to the RIGHT

52
Q

Weight/ volume for 1%

A

1g/ 100 mL

53
Q

1 mg%

A

1mg/ 100mL

54
Q

Dilution calculation review

A

Vol from stock sol = % required dilution / % stock solution X total vol needed

55
Q

g/ ton

A

1 g/ ton = 1.1 mg/kg

56
Q

100g/ ton

A

100 g/ ton = 110 ppm

57
Q

Toxicity (mg/kg)

A

ppm in feed X % body weight feed consumed daily

58
Q

1 lb/ acre

A

1 lb/ acre = 7mg/ kg

Toxicology & Statistics (2 decks)

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