Intro to Tissues

Question 1

what is a tissue?

Answer 1

a group of cells that work together to carry out specialised activities

Question 2

what is histology?

Answer 2

study of tissues

Question 3

what does epithelial tissue do?

Answer 3

covers the body and line hollow organs and form glands

Question 4

what does connective tissue do?

Answer 4

protect and support the body, can store energy and act as a route for the immune cells to travel through

Question 5

what does muscular tissue do?

Answer 5

detects changes in conditions in and outside the body and responds by generating impulses

Question 6

what is a general description of epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

many cells tightly packed together in a continuous sheet, with little or no ECM

Question 7

how does epithelial tissue gain blood supply?

Answer 7

from other tissues such as connective tissues

Question 8

how is epithelial tissue protective?

Answer 8

resist the abrasive influences of the environment

Question 9

what is the basement membrane?

Answer 9

a thin and fibrous extracellular layer that separates the lining of external or internal surface from the connective tissue

Question 10

what is the reticular lamina?

Answer 10

contains fibres made by the connective tissue cells, lies beneath the basal lamina

Question 11

what do hemidesmosomes do in epithelial cells?

Answer 11

connect the basement membrane to the epithelial and connective tissue layers

Question 12

what role does basement membrane have in wound healing?

Answer 12

forms a surface for the epithelial cells to migrate over

Question 13

how does the epithelial tissue change in diabetes?

Answer 13

the basement membrane around the capillaries in the eyes and kidneys thicken due to hyperglycaemia signalling causing increased collagen deposition

Question 14

why do epithelial cells have a high rate of division?

Answer 14

they are subjected to physical stress and injury

Question 15

how can chemotherapy cause kidney and GI damage?

Answer 15

they target cells with a high rate of division and therefore kill epithelial cells

Question 16

what are the two subtypes of epithelium?

Answer 16

covering/lining epithelium and glandular epithelium

Question 17

what is the difference between simple and stratified epithelium?

Answer 17

simple is single layered and good for absorption and stratified is multiple layered and protects from wear and tear

Question 18

what is squamous epithelial good for?

Answer 18

rapid passage of substances

Question 19

what is cuboidal epithelium good for?

Answer 19

contain microvilli for secretion and absorption

Question 20

what is columnar epithelium good for?

Answer 20

secretion and absorption and protecting underlying tissue

Question 21

where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Answer 21

in air sacs of the lungs and lining of heart and blood vessels

Question 22

where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Answer 22

secretary portions of small glands and kidney tubules

Question 23

where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Answer 23

ciliated is in bronchi and uterus, non-ciliated in digestive tract and bladder

Question 24

where is pseudo stratified columnar epithelium found?

Answer 24

the trachea and upper respiratory tract

Question 25

what type of tissue secretes and absorbs mucous and enzymes?

Answer 25

simple columnar epithelium

Question 26

what does stratified squamous epithelium do? where is it found?

Answer 26

protects against abrasion and in the mouth, oesophagus and vagina

Question 27

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium tissue found?

Answer 27

sweat, salivary and mammary glands

Question 28

where is stratified columnar epithelium found?

Answer 28

male urethra and some gland ducts

Question 29

where is transitional epithelium found? what does it do?

Answer 29

bladder, urethra and ureter and it allows the urninary organs to expand and stretch

Question 30

what are the two types of epithelium in the glands?

Answer 30

tubular structure and alveolar structure

Question 31

what is the difference between simple and compound ducts?

Answer 31

simple ducts do not branch

Question 32

where are simple tubular ducts?

Answer 32

simple tube shape and found in intestinal glands

Question 33

what are simple branched tubular ducts?

Answer 33

branched tube (birds foot) shape and found in stomach glands

Question 34

what are simple alveolar ducts?

Answer 34

bulb shape, not in humans

Question 35

what are simple branched alveolar ducts?

Answer 35

clover shape and found in sebaceous oil glands

Question 36

what are compound tubular ducts?

Answer 36

have branches coming off each duct, in brunners glands of small intestine

Question 37

what are compound alveolar ducts?

Answer 37

bulbs coming off each duct and found in mammary glands

Question 38

what are compound tubuloalveolar ducts?

Answer 38

salivary glands, longer shaped bulbs coming off each duct

Question 39

what is the ECM of connective tissue?

Answer 39

extracellular fibres and ground substance

Question 40

what are the extracellular fibres?

Answer 40

collagenous, reticular and elastic

Question 41

what is the ground substance?

Answer 41

can be liquid, solid or gel and contains the components of the ECM

Question 42

what cells are in the connective tissue?

Answer 42

fixed cells such as fibroblasts, adipocytes and reticular cells and wandering cells such as mast cells, leukocytes and macrophages

Question 43

where do the ECM fibres come from?

Answer 43

secreted by connective tissue cells

Question 44

what is the function of the ground substance?

Answer 44

supports cells and binds them together and stores water

Question 45

what do collagen fibres do?

Answer 45

resist pulling forces

Question 46

what do elastic fibres do?

Answer 46

have a large capacity to stretch and important in the skin and lungs

Question 47

what are reticular fibres?

Answer 47

collagen in fine bundles in a coating of glycoproteins, provide support in blood vessels and form networks in some tissues

Question 48

what cells form bone?

Answer 48

osteoblasts which turn to osteocytes which form bone

Question 49

what cells form cartilage?

Answer 49

transitory chondrocyte turns into chondrocyte which forms cartilage

Question 50

what cells form connective tissue?

Answer 50

fibroblasts

Question 51

what cells form adipose tissue?

Answer 51

adipocytes

Question 52

what things do fibroblasts secrete?

Answer 52

enzymes, elastin, ECM, GF, hyaluronic acid

Question 53

what are macrophages?

Answer 53

immune cells mobile over short distances, increase in population by monocytes

Question 54

what are plasma cells?

Answer 54

white blood cells that secrete antibodies, reside in connective tissue such as GI and respiratory tracts

Question 55

what are mast cells?

Answer 55

found close to small vessels in loose connective tissue, secrete histamine which causes endothelial cells to contract and increase in permeability

Question 56

what are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 56

loose and dense connective tissue, embryonic and mature tissue, cartilage bone and liquid such as blood/lymph

Question 57

what are the types of loose connective tissue?

Answer 57

areolar, adipose and reticular

Question 58

what does areolar tissue do?

Answer 58

supports organs and vasculature

Question 59

what does adipose tissue do?

Answer 59

bubble-like appearance, insulates and stores energy

Question 60

what does reticular tissue do?

Answer 60

forms network of support for blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow

Question 61

how is dense connective tissue different from loose connective tissue?

Answer 61

has abundant fibres and little matrix

Question 62

what are the types of dense connective tissue?

Answer 62

dense irregular, dense regular, elastic

Question 63

what is dense regular tissue?

Answer 63

waves of collagen fibres allow for limited stretch in one direction e.g. ligaments and tendons

Question 64

what is dense irregular tissue?

Answer 64

irregularity allows for tissue to withstand tension in many directions, preset in joints, dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract

Question 65

what is elastic tissue?

Answer 65

has abundance of elastic fibres that run parallel and facilitate recoil after stretching, found in walls of large arteries and bronchial tubes

Question 66

what is Marfan syndrome?

Answer 66

genetic disorder of connective tissue, unproportionally large bones, abnormal joints, structural abnormalities in heart and blood vessels

Question 67

what is cartilage?

Answer 67

firm tissue but softer and more flexible than bone, found between elbows, knees and ankles

Question 68

what is cartilage made up of?

Answer 68

chondrocytes which produce large amounts of collagen, proteoglycans and elastin fibres

Question 69

how does cartilage receive nutrients?

Answer 69

they diffuse through the dense connective tissue (perichondrium) and into the core of the cartilage

Question 70

what are osteoblasts?

Answer 70

bone forming cells which make osteoid which then mineralises to form bone, builds around itself

Question 71

what are osteocytes?

Answer 71

originate from osteoblasts, that have been trapped by the bone they have made, form lacunae

Question 72

what are osteoclasts?

Answer 72

large multinucleated cells that breakdown bones via bone resorption