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A&P Primer > Intro to Tissue Types > Flashcards

Intro to Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

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2
Q

What is endoderm?

A

Inner germ layer that forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives.

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3
Q

What is mesoderm?

A

Middle germ layer that forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessel

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4
Q

What is ectoderm?

A

Outer germ layer that forms skin and neuroectoderm

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5
Q

What are the four primary tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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6
Q

What is the functions of epithelia?

A 
Protects underlying structures
Acts as a Barrier
Permits passage of substances
Secretes substances
Absorbs substance
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7
Q

What functions does cell layers and shapes determine?

A 
Diffusion
Filtration
Secretion
Absorption
Protection
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8
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area absorption or secretion

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9
Q

What is the function of Cilia?

A

Move materials across cell surface

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10
Q

Name three cell connections.

A

Desmosomes
Tight
Gap

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11
Q

Which type of glands have ducts? Which don’t?

A

Exocrine has ducts

Endocrine has no ducts

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12
Q

Epithelium consists almost entirely of ____, and it covers ___ _____ and forms _____.

A

Cells

Body surfaces

Glands

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13
Q

Epithelium has ____ and _____ surfaces.

A

free and basal

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14
Q

Does epithelium have blood vessels?

A

No , but exception in ear

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15
Q

Epithelium undergoes what types of cell division?

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue cells are joined by ____ ____, which increase____ and create _____.

A

junctional complexes

strength

barriers

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17
Q

Epethilia cells are separated from underlying tissue via?

A

Basement membrane

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18
Q

What is the functions of cell connections?

A

Bind cells together
Form permability layer
Intercellular communication

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19
Q

What are the four types of cell connections?

A

Desosomes (cadherins)
Hemidesmosome (integrin)
Tight (occludins)
Gap

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20
Q

Plasma membranes can join together to form?

A

tight junctions

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21
Q

In _______ junctions membranes are “glued” together by ______ that pass through both membranes and attach to ______.

A

Adherens

proteins

cytoskeleton

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22
Q

In ________ proteins “button” two membranes together

A

desmosomes

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23
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamous-like when stretched

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24
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  1. lining of air sacs
  2. Glomerular capsule
  3. Inner cornea
  4. Eardrum
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25
Q

What is endothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium that lines heart,, blood and lymphatic vessels, and capillaries

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26
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

SS epithelium that lines ventral body cavity and is part of serous membrane

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27
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Filtration
Absorption
Secretion

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28
Q

Location of cuboidal epithelial

A

Surface of ovary
Crystalline lens
kidney tubules
Ducts of many glands

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29
Q

Function of cuboidal epithelial

A

Secretion and absorption

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30
Q

Location of ciliated simple columnar.

A

Upper resp. tract and uterine (fallopian) tubes

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31
Q

Simple membranes are specialized for _____

A

transport

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32
Q

Stratified membranes are specialized for ______

A

protection

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33
Q

Keratinized membranes have an outer layer of ____ cells

A

dead

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34
Q

Location of stratified squamous epithelial.

A 
Nonkeratinized (lines wet surfaces) 
1. Mouth 
2. Esophagus
3. Epiglottis
4. Vagina
Keratinized
1. Outer layer of skin
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35
Q

Function of stratified squamous

A

protection

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36
Q

Location of stratified cuboidal

A

Ducts of adult sweat glands

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37
Q

Function of stratified squamous

A

protection

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38
Q

location of stratified columnar

A

Lines part of male urethra

larger secretory ducts

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39
Q

Function of stratified columnar

A

protection and secretion

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40
Q

Loaction of transitional epithelium

A

Line Urinary tract

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41
Q

Function of transitional

A

permits distention

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42
Q

Location of psuedostratified epithelium

A

lines most of upper resp. tract

some ducts of male reproductive system ( larger exceretory ducts)

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43
Q

Function of psuedostratified epithelium

A

secretion

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44
Q

Psuedostratified ciliated epithelium has ____ cells

A

goblet.

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45
Q

Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland

A

Goblet cell

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46
Q

What is a cluster of tubes in an multicellular exocrine gland called?

A

acini

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47
Q

Tube types of exocrine tubes glands

A

simple and compound

48
Q

What are mesocrine glands and give one example.

A

Exocrine glands the secrete via vesicles. Sweat glands

49
Q

What are apocrine glands? give two examples

A

Exocrine gland that bud secretions off through plasma membrance.

Mammary glands and cerumen

50
Q

What are Holocrine glands? Give two examples

A

Exocrine glands tht have secretions produced in cells and rupture plasma membrane to release content into lumen.

Sebaceous gland and meibomian gland

51
Q

Connective tissue cells are separated via?

A

Extracellular matrix

52
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Enclosing and separating as capsules around organs
  2. Connecting tissues to one another as tendons and ligaments
  3. Supporting and moving as bones
  4. Storing as fat
  5. Cushioning and insulating as fat
  6. Transporting as blood
  7. Protecting as cells of the immune system.
53
Q

Give examples of connective tissue cells.

A
  1. Specialized cells that produce extracellular matrix (ex: fibroblast)
  2. Adipose
  3. Mast cells
  4. WBC
  5. Macrophages
  6. Stem cells
54
Q

Loose connective tissue is also know as?

A

areolar tissue

55
Q

Functions of loose connective tissue.

A
  1. loose packing material of most organs and tissue

2. attaches skin to underlying tissues

56
Q

Loose connective tissue contains ?

A

collagen
reticular
elastic fibers

57
Q

Dense regular connective tissue is packed with?

A

fibers of collagen

58
Q

Tendons attach ____ to _____.

A

muscles to bones

59
Q

Ligaments attach _____ to _____.

A

bones to bones

60
Q

Dense regular elastic is found ?

A

ligaments in vocal folds

61
Q

Scars are a form of what connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular

62
Q

Dense irregular collagenous forms most of ____ ____.

A

skin dermis

63
Q

Dense irregular elastic is found in ____ of ___ ____.

A

walls

elastic arteries

64
Q

What are the two types of adipose ?

A

Brown and (yellow) white

65
Q

What is the most abundant type of adipose?

A

Yellow ( white at birth and yellows with age)

66
Q

What is the location of brown adipose?

A

Axillae
Neck
Kidneys

67
Q

Reticular tissue forms the framework of _____ tissue.

68
Q

Reticular tissue is characterized by a ?

A

network of fibers and cells

69
Q

Adipose tissue is specialized for ?

A

Fat synthesis, breakdown, and storage

70
Q

Cartilage is composed of _________ located in spaces called _______.

A

Chondrocytes

Lacunae

71
Q

Cartilage is the second _____ structure in body. Second to _____.

A

firmest

Bone

72
Q

Three types of cartilage.

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic
73
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found in areas for strong _____ and some ______.

A

Support

Flexibility

74
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A

Rib cage and cartilage in trachea and bronchi

75
Q

Hyaline cartilage forms most of _____ before replaced by _____ in embryo.

A

Skeleton

Bone

76
Q

Hyaline cartilage is involved in _____ that increases bone _____

A

growth

length

77
Q

Fibrocartilage is slightly _______ and very tough.

A

compresible

78
Q

Fibrocartilage is found in areas where a great deal of ____ is applied to ____.

A

Pressure

Joints

79
Q

3 locations of fibrocartilage..

A

Knee
Jaw
Between vertebrae

80
Q

Locations of elastic cartilage

A

External ears

Epiglottis

81
Q

Loose connective tissue consists of _____ ( fibrous ____) and tissue ____.

A

collagen

Proteins

Fluid.

82
Q

Cartilage is connective tissue that is specialized for?

A

support and protection

83
Q

Cartilage is made by ?

A

chondrocytes and elastic extracellular material

84
Q

Cartilage forms the ____ ____ for joints.

A

articular surfaces

85
Q

Name three components of extracellular matrix.

A

Protein fibers
Ground substance
Fluid

86
Q

What is the most common protein in the body?

87
Q

Reticular fibers fill spaces between?

A

tissues and organs

88
Q

What is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix?

89
Q

Bone is Organic or inorganic?

A

It is both

90
Q

What are two types of bones?

A

Cancellous or spongy

Compact

91
Q

What cell forms bones?

A

Osteoblasts

92
Q

What cells are trapped inactive osteoblasts?

A

Osteocytes

93
Q

What cell reabsorbs bones?

A

Osteoclasts

94
Q

What is the function of hemopoietic tissue and where is it found?

A

forms blood cells

Found in red and yellow bone marrow

95
Q

What is the matrix between cells in blood?

96
Q

Function of muscle?

A

Contracts and shortens with force

Moves entire body and pumps blood.

97
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

98
Q

Skeletal muscle is striated or non-striated? Voluntary or involuntary?

A

striated and voluntary

99
Q

Each fiber in skeletal muscle is formed by ?

A

fusion of embryonic myoblasts which allows it to become large and multinucleated

100
Q

Describe smooth muscle.

A

Not striated
involuntary
Controlled by ANS

101
Q

Describe cardiac muscle ( myocardial cells)

A

short, striated, and involuntary. Not individually controlled. Have branches and intercalated discs.

102
Q

Mycocardial cells have intercalated discs between cells that provide ?

A

mechanical and electrical interconnections.

103
Q

Location of nervous tissue?

A

brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

104
Q

Nervous tissues are able to produce ?

A

action potentials

105
Q

Cells of nervous tissue?

A 
Neurons 
Neuroglia or support cells 
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
microglial
106
Q

Neurons consists of what parts?

A

dendrites
cell body
axon

107
Q

What are the different polar types of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

108
Q

What cells are glial cell for the brain and what are two of their functions?

A

Astrocytes

Form BB barrier and repair

109
Q

What cell is responsible of myelination in CNS?

A

Oligodenrocytes

110
Q

What is the function of microglial?

A

Phagocytic

Immuno rxn

111
Q

Nerurons are specialized to?

A

conduct electrical signals

112
Q

Function of cell body of neuron?

A

Contains nucleus and is metabolic center

113
Q

Describe dendrites and their function.

A

Highly branched extensions of cell body that receive inputs from other neurons.

114
Q

Describe axons and their function.

A

A single long extension off cell body that conducts nerve impulses to other cells.

115
Q

Function of supporting/ Glial cells

A

provide physical and functional support for neurons

116
Q

Ratio of supporting/glial cells to neurons?

A&P Primer (6 decks)

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