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ANAT 411 > Intro to the nervous system Slide Show Cards > Flashcards

Intro to the nervous system Slide Show Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic

What do these innervate?

A

Voluntary.

Innervate the bone, skin, muscles, and joints

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2
Q

Visceral - AKA Autonomic

What does it innervate?

A

Involuntary; autonomic Internal. Innervates the visceral tissues, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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3
Q

Somatic efferent

A

Motor Supplies skeletal

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4
Q

Somatic afferent

A

Sensory Sensation from the skin, bone, joint

detecting temp, pain, burn

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5
Q

Visceral efferent - Autonomic Efferent

A

Motor Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands

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6
Q

Visceral Afferent - Autonommic Afferent

A

localized within organs and sending sensory information to the CNS

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7
Q

Cell body Where are they normally found?

A

Soma Usually found in collections (ganglia, nuclei, gray matter)

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8
Q

Dendrite What type of signal do they carry?

A

Multiple Carry Afferent impulses

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9
Q

Axon What Type of signals do they carry?

A

single Carries Efferent impulses

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10
Q

Synapse

A

Point of communication between neurons or between neurons and effector cells (skin, muscle, gland)

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11
Q

Myelin…what does it do?

A

Insulates axons electrically Boosts nerve conduction

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12
Q

What are the cells that form the myelin sheath in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What makes oligo dendrocytes unique to the CNS?

A

One oligo cell reaches out and mylinates many axons

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14
Q

Ehat are the cells that form the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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15
Q

What makes Scwann cells unique for the PNS?

A

One schwann cell mylinates a single axon

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16
Q

What is a collection of axons called?

A

A fascicle

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17
Q

What is the order and name of the connective tissue sheaths surrounding peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Endoneurium (surrounds axon)
  2. Perineurium (around fascicles)
  3. Epineurium (around whole nerves)
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18
Q

Gray matter consists of

A

Nerve cell bodies

Dendrites and short Axon segments

Glial Cells

Ganglion

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19
Q

White Matter Consists of

A

Axons. These primarily form the tracts

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20
Q

Where is white and gray matter on the spinal cord?

A

White = peripheral

Gray = central

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21
Q

Where is white and gray matter located in the cerebral cortex?

A

White = central

Gray = peripheral

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22
Q

What are the three membranes that surround the spinal cord and roots?

From Outermost to innermost

AKA Spinal Meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid mater

3 Pia mater

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23
Q

Dura Mater

A

Dense Connective Tissue

Forms Dural Root Sleeve

Blends with Epineurium (the outer connective tissue covering of the spinal nerves).

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24
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Avascular

Encloses CSF-filled subarachnoid space

Held against the dura by CSF pressure

Arachnoid trabeculae connect the arachnoid and the pia mater.

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25
Q

Pia Mater

A

Adherent (like shrinkwrap) to brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

Forms Denticulate ligament

Helps limit lateral movement of spinal cord

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26
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Lateral extension of pia mater

attach pia to arachnoid and dura

provides support for the spinal cord

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27
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A
  1. Dorsal horn
  2. Lateral Horn - Intermediolateral column
  3. Ventral horn
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28
Q

Rootlets

A

Originate from one spinal cord segment and merge to form larger root

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29
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

Swelling of the Dorsal root where the primary sensory neurons are locate

30
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Area where ventral and dorsal root merge

31
Q

Rami

A

Branching of the spinal nerve into dorsal and ventral rami

32
Q

Dorsal Rami innervate

A

synovial joints of vertebral column, intrinsic back muscles and overlying skin

33
Q

Ventral Rami innervate

A

anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs

34
Q

What is the order of structures from the spinal cord that make a spinal nerve

A

dorsal and ventral rootlets -> merge to form dorsal and ventral roots -> form spinal nerve

35
Q

Spinal roots have how many funstional fibers?

What are the two types of roots?

A

One single functional fiber type

A. Dorsal Root - afferent (sensory) -reception

B. Ventral Root - efferent (motor)- distribution

36
Q

Spinal Nerves and Rami have how many functional fiber types?

A

Two (mixed)

Afferent (sensory) -reception

Efferent (motor) - distribution

37
Q

Spinal Somatic reflex arc

What is the pathway?

A

Reaction to stimulus that does not involve the brain it’s immediate.

Sensory input -> travels dorsal afferent signal -. dorsal horn -> Ventral horn -> signal transferred via efferent signal to muscle receptors.

38
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A

Mediated by receptors inside the muscle

Ex: biceps, triceps, patellar, achilles tendon, and deep tendon reflexes

39
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

Mediated by receptors outside muscle

**Golgi tendon has a dysnaptic pathway

Ex: sensory receptors in the skin –touching a hot object

40
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

How many are cervical?

How many thoracic?

How many Lumbar?

How many Sacral?

How many coccygeal?

A

31

8

5

5

1

41
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

8

7

One nerve exits above C1

C8 exits between C7 and T1

All other nerves exit just below the vertebrae with the same number

42
Q

Where does a spinal nerve exit the spinal column?

Where are the intervertebral discs located in proximity to the IV foramen

A

The intervertebral (IV) foramen

Adjacent to the lower half of the IV foramen

43
Q

Where would a herniated disc have its impact?

L4/L5 herniation affects what spinal nerve?

C5/C6 herniation affects which spinal nerve?

A

Affects the spinal nerve directly below it.

L5

C6

44
Q

What about the cervical region C5/C6 and C6/C7 disks are most commonly herniated?

A

The presence of the extra cervical spianl nerve C8 results in cervical nerves contacting the disk of the next higher number.

45
Q

Where on the spinal cord are there enlargements?

A

C4-T1 because need more ventral rami to form the brachial plexus that supplies the upper limb

T11-S1 more ventral rami are need to form the lumbrosacral plexus that supplies the lower limb

46
Q

Which spinal cord level is found at the L2 vertebral level?

What area can this spinal cord actually occur in real patients?

A

Conus Medullaris

high as T12 or as low as L3

47
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Spinal nerve roots form lumbosacral (lumbar) enlargement

48
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Anchors inferior end of spinal cord (Tip of the conus medullaris) to the coccyx

49
Q

What are the two parts of the Filum Terminale?

A
  1. Filum terminale internum (pia mater)
  2. Filum terminale externum (dura mater)
50
Q

What is the Lumbar Cistern?

Where is it located?

What does it contain?

A

Enlargement of the subarachnoid space

Inferior end of spinal cord (conus medullaris at L2)

Inferior end of dura mater and subarachnoid space at S2

Cauda Equina, Filum Terminale, CSF

51
Q

why does spinal cord end higher than the vertebral (spinal) canal?

What is a practical application of this?

A

During development, the vertebral column grows more than the spinal cord.

Spinal cords in children end at lower vertebral level than in adults. This is important when performing a lumbar puncture.

52
Q

Where is the tip of the spinal typically found in an adult?

Where is the tip found in a newborn

A

L1/L2 IV disc

L3/L4

53
Q

What creates and is occupied by the cauda equina?

Which way are lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots in the cauda equina?

A

Lumbar cistern

Inferiorly

54
Q

What is a lumbar puncture

What anatomical features allows this procedure to be performed safely?

A

Extraction of CSF from the lumbar cistern

The lumbar cistern is filled with fluid with the spinal nerves directed inferiorly in CSF. When you puncture a fluid filled space it gives greater chance that the nerve will be pushed out of the way instead of being punctured by the needle

55
Q

Which space contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

56
Q

what are the two spaces lumbar anesthesia is typically placed?

A
  1. epidural space - area before the dura mater (no spinal cord puncture)
  2. Subarachnoid space - more risky because you are puncturing the spinal cord
57
Q

What do most ventral rami form?

A

A peripheral nerve plexus

58
Q

Cervical plexus is made up of which ventral rami?

The Brachial Plexus?

The lumbar plexus?

The Sacral plexus?

Why is there no thoracic plexus?

A

C1-C4

C5-T1

L1-L4

S1-S4

Thoracic ventral rami form individual parallel intercostal nerves (next to ribs)

59
Q

Where does the brachial plexus begin?

What ventral rami form it?

What is it?

Where does the plexus extend into?

What is it’s purpose?

A

Intervertbral Foramina

C5-T1

Branching network of intersecting nerves

Into the Axilla (armpit)

It’s branches supply the upper limb

60
Q

What are the 3 Regions of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Supraclavicular

Roots

Trunks

  1. Posterior to clavicle

Divisions

  1. Infraclavicular

Cords

Terminal Branches

61
Q

Mnuemonic to remember parts of the brachial plexus

A

Rugby Team Drinks Cold Beer

Roots

Trunks

Divisions

Cords

Terminal Branches

62
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches?

A
  1. Axillary
  2. Radial
  3. Musculocutaneous
  4. Median
  5. Ulnar
63
Q

All spinal nerves transmit sensory information from where? What is the single exception?

A

The skin

C1 nerve does not

64
Q

What is a Dermatome?

Dermatomes on the trunk, neck, and posterior head form what?

Skin of the face and scalp are suppplied by what nerve?

A

A region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Consecutive bands

The trigeminal nerve (CN V)

65
Q

What is a Myotome?

A

Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve

66
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ANAT 411 (4 decks)

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