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BDS1 - Human Body > Intro To The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Intro To The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

How do single cell organisms obtain nutrients?

A

By diffusion/active transport

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2
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms need a transport system?

A

-diffusion is not efficient (only 50%)
-v metabolically active so need to deliver O2, nutrients and remove waste
-platelets and immune cells need to move around body
-chemical messages also need to be transported

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3
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

-blood
-heart
-arteries
-veins
-capillaries
-lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

• Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, water, defense cells and growth factors
• Collection of metabolic and cellular excretions and delivery to
excretory organs (eg kidneys)
• Defense against infections
• Thermo-regulation (heat - peripheral vasodilation; cold - peripheral vasoconstriction)

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5
Q

describe pressure of double circulatory system

A

-low pulmonary pressure in lungs
-high systemic pressure in arteries

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6
Q

describe the heart

A

-muscular pumping organ - v specialised
-4 chambers - 2 atria, 2 ventricles
-2 systems - one carries oxygenated blood, other carries deoxygenated blood
-pacemaker (autorhythmic) cells generate electrical signals

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7
Q

what does it mean to say the heart has an intrinsic conduction system?

A

-heart is wired to transfer signals to certain parts of the heart at certain times
-signals are transferred after short delay to allow filling of heart before it pumps

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8
Q

what is diastole?

A

relaxation of heart as blood fills

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9
Q

what is systole?

A

contraction of heart as blood is pumped

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10
Q

what are the valves in the heart?

A

-tricuspid valve - right atrium to right ventricle
-bicuspid valve - left atrium to left ventricle
-pulmonary valve - right ventricle to pulmonary artery
-aortic valve - left ventricle to aorta

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11
Q

describe the pressure in the heart

A

-left ventricle is largest muscle so massive variation in pressure
-pressure generally gets lower from artery to vein
-measured as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What are the 2 main components of blood

A

-Formed elements - blood cells and platelets
-Plasma - clear extracellular fluid

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13
Q

What is the function of blood

A

Transport
Protection
Regulation

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14
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Vein
Capillary
Different types of vessel differ in:
diameter, wall thickness & constituents

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15
Q

what are the three layers of a blood vessel?

A

-intima - endothelium which provides non-adhesive surface
-media - smooth muscle, elastic tissue
-adventitia - fibrous tissue

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16
Q

Blood vessels table

A
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17
Q

describe the arteries

A

-thick wall and muscular
-large diameter so low resistance
-carries oxygenated blood away from heart

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18
Q

describe arterioles

A

-smaller diameter
-major role in blood pressure regulation by controlling their diameter

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19
Q

describe capillaries

A

-single tube of endothelial cells
-v close to cells so things can easily diffuse in and out
-can be leaky or tight - kidneys have fenestrated capillaries so larger pores

20
Q

describe veins and venules

A

-low pressure (<15mmHg), large lumen
-some smooth muscle but less than in arteries
-veins are capacitance vessels bc they carry 60% of blood
-have unidirectional valves to prevent backflow
-returns blood to heart

21
Q

describe the lymphatic system

A

-system of vessels and nodes
-returns interstitial fluid to circulation - into subclavian vein and is moved by muscular contraction
-involved in immunity - contain lymphocytes that are concentrated in lymph nodes

22
Q

Describe the lymphatic system

A

-system of vessels and nodes
-returns interstitial fluid to circulation - into subclavian vein and is moved by muscular contraction
-involved in immunity - contain lymphocytes that are concentrated in lymph nodes

23
Q

where are baro receptors located and what do they do?

A

-in carotid sinuses and aortic arch
-sense chemical or pressure changes
-they are stretch receptors so respond to pressure induced stretching of blood vessel

24
Q

what is the control centre for homeostasis of the circulatory system?

A

medulla oblongata

25
Q

what are the effectors for homeostasis of the circulatory sytstem?

A

heart rate, stroke volume, vascular tone (dilation/constriction)

26
Q

describe intrinsic control of the heart

A

-frank-starling response
-stroke volume of left ventricle increases as left ventricular volume increases so more forceful contraction occurs

27
Q

describe extrinsic control of the heart

A

-autonomic nervous system
-hormones e.g. adrenaline, thyroxin
-ions generate signals e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+
-age , exercise

28
Q

what happens during vasoconstriction?

A

-blood vessels contract
-lumen decrease in size so bp goes up

29
Q

what happens during vasodilation?

A

-blood vessels dilate
-lumen increases in size so bp decreases

30
Q

how do blood vessels receive signal to dilate/constrict?

A

via sympathetic nerve fibres which innervate smooth muscle of most blood vessels

31
Q

what impact does decrease of 1/2 in lumen size have?

A

16 fold impact

32
Q

What is the baroreflex?

A

an automatic, negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure

33
Q

How do baroreceptors respond to hypotension?

A

-baroreceptors send signal to brain which sends signal to heart and blood vessels
-this increases cardiac output and increases vasoconstriction to increase bp

34
Q

how are the cardiovascular and respiratory systems linked?

A

-both work to circulate oxygen around body
-both are homeostatic systems
-when chemoreceptors detect change in pH, pO2 or pCO2, both heart rate and ventilation rate changes

35
Q

Describe cardiovascular diseases

A

Very common (Leading cause of death worldwide)
-Coronary heart disease (angina, heart attack, heart failure)
-Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
-Peripheral arterial disease
-Aortic disease (aneurysm)

36
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

when plaque build up in arteries cause them to narrow

37
Q

what diseases can be caused by atherosclerosis and blood clots?

A

-stroke or transient ischaemic attack
-coronary heart disease which can cause angina or myocardial infarction
-peripheral artery disease
-aneurysm

38
Q

what are the effects of hypertension?

A

-damage to arteries so increased deposition of fat
-increased risk of aneurysm
-heart has to work harder
-increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke

39
Q

what lifestyle choices can contribute to CVD?

A

-smoking
-activity
-weight
-diet

40
Q

what can cause diabetes?

A

-hypertension
-obesity
-decreased activity
-poor lipid profile

41
Q

what is the Renin-Angiotensin system?

A

hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

42
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II so blood vessels can widen and bp decreased

43
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

prevent the extension & formation of clots by inhibiting factors in the clotting cascade & decreasing blood coagulability

44
Q

What do beta adrenergic blockers do?

A

reduce cardiac output by decreasing sympathetic input

45
Q

what do calcium ion channel blockers do?

A

lowers bp by blocking Ca ions from entering blood vessel bc they cause the vessels to constrict more strongly

46
Q

what do statins do?

A

reduce cholesterol in blood

47
Q

Medicine for cvd

A

BDS1 - Human Body (22 decks)

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