Intro to the Body (Ch 1) Flashcards
Anatomy
study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts
Physiology
study of function of living organism and their parts
levels of organisms
chemical level (least complex), organism level (most complex)
Chemical Level
atoms and molecules
Anatomical position
body is standing posture with arms at sides and palms face forward
Supine
body is lying face upward
Prone
body is lying face downward
Superior
toward the head; upper/above
inferior
towards the feet; lower/below
anterior
front/ in front of (ventral)
posterior
back / in back of (dorsal)
ventral
towards the belly
dorsal
toward the back
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
toward the side of the body or away from its midline
proximal
toward or nearest trunk of the body, or nearest point of origin of one of its parts
distal
away from or farthest from trunk or the point of origin of a body part
superficial
nearer the surface
deep
farther away from body surface
sagittal plane
cut or section runs along lengthwise plane running from front to back; divides body into right and left sides
midsagittal plane
sagittal plane that divides body into 2 equal parts
frontal plane
(coronal plane) lengthwise plane running from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back) planes
transverse plane
horizontal or crosswise plane; divides bod into upper and lower portions
2 major body cavities
dorsal body cavity // ventral body cavity
dorsal cavities
includes space inside skull that contains the brain (cranial cavity) and space inside the spinal column (spinal cavity)
cranial cavity
space inside brain
spinal cavity
space inside spinal column
Ventral cavities
located in ventral position in body; thoracic cavity // pleural cavity // mediastinum // diaphragm // abdominal cavity // abdominopelvic cavity // pelvic cavity
Upper ventral cavities
thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
mdiastinum
midportion of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavities
lateral subdivisions of the thoracic cavity (left and right)
lower ventral cavities
abdominal cavity // pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity since nothing separates the 2 cavities
diaphragm
muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities (from top to bottom)
cranial cavity - spinal cavity - thoracic cavity - pleural cavities (left and right) - mediastinum - diaphragm - abdominal cavity - abdominopelvic cavity - pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic quadrants
- Right Upper (right superior) quadrant
- Right Lower (right inferior) quadrant
- Left upper (left superior) quadrant
- Left Lower (left inferior) quadrant
Quadrants and Regions
Medsagittal and transverse planese pass through the navel (umbilicus) and divide the abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants
Precise way to divide abdominopelvic cavity
9 quadrants - tik tak to quads
Row 1 - Uper abdominopelvic regions (right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region) lies above imaginary line above 9th rib
Row 2 - Middle abdominopelvic regions (right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar regions) lies below line of 9th rib cartilages but above line across abdomen at top of hip bones
Row 3 - Right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric region, left iliac region - lies below hip bones
Body as a whole subdivided into 2 major portions
- Axial
2. Appendicular
Axial portion of body consists of:
head, neck, torso, trunk
Appendicular portion of body consists of
upper and lower extremities (or limbs)
Trunk consists of
- thoracic (chest)
- abdominal (abdomen)
- pelvic (pelvis)
Atrophy
Degenerative process that results from disuse // can be reversed with therapy
Homeostasis
relative constancy of internal environment // cells of body live in internal environment made up mostly of water combined with salts and other dissolved substances
Ex: Fish bowl - all levels must be relatively in stable ranges
Feedback loop
integrated communication control system in the body
Feedback Control
Sensor -> Control Center -> Effector
Negative Feedback Loops
oppose or negate a change in controlled conditins
Ex: Temp receptors detect a body temperature higher than normal, and the brain sends signals to sweat glands to cool us down through evaporation; conditions are reversed and balance is restored
Positive Feedback Loops
stimulatory; instead of opposing a change in internal environment and causing “return to normal”, it temporarily amplifies the change that is occurring
Ex: events that cause rapid increases in uterine contractions before birth of a baby; increasingly rapid sticking together of blood cells (platelets) to form a plug that begins formation of a blood clot
Developmental Process
changes and functions occurring during early years
Aging Process
changes and functions occurring after young adulthood
Negative feedback loops can turn into positive feedback loops
Ex: severe bleeding may cause drop in blood pressure (needed for continued blood flow), so the heart beats faster to increase the blood pressure back to normal, while also increasing the loss of blood, which causes a further drop in blood pressure and an even faster heart rate in an ever-increasing cycle. Amplification caused by the blood loss can turn deadly. To stop positive feedback loop, apply pressure to the wound to stop or slow the loss of blood
