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Medical Coding > Intro to the Body (Ch 1) > Flashcards

Intro to the Body (Ch 1) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of function of living organism and their parts

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3
Q

levels of organisms

A

chemical level (least complex), organism level (most complex)

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4
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms and molecules

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5
Q

Anatomical position

A

body is standing posture with arms at sides and palms face forward

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6
Q

Supine

A

body is lying face upward

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7
Q

Prone

A

body is lying face downward

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8
Q

Superior

A

toward the head; upper/above

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9
Q

inferior

A

towards the feet; lower/below

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10
Q

anterior

A

front/ in front of (ventral)

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11
Q

posterior

A

back / in back of (dorsal)

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12
Q

ventral

A

towards the belly

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13
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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14
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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15
Q

lateral

A

toward the side of the body or away from its midline

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16
Q

proximal

A

toward or nearest trunk of the body, or nearest point of origin of one of its parts

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17
Q

distal

A

away from or farthest from trunk or the point of origin of a body part

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18
Q

superficial

A

nearer the surface

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19
Q

deep

A

farther away from body surface

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20
Q

sagittal plane

A

cut or section runs along lengthwise plane running from front to back; divides body into right and left sides

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21
Q

midsagittal plane

A

sagittal plane that divides body into 2 equal parts

22
Q

frontal plane

A

(coronal plane) lengthwise plane running from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back) planes

23
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal or crosswise plane; divides bod into upper and lower portions

24
Q

2 major body cavities

A

dorsal body cavity // ventral body cavity

25
Q

dorsal cavities

A

includes space inside skull that contains the brain (cranial cavity) and space inside the spinal column (spinal cavity)

26
Q

cranial cavity

A

space inside brain

27
Q

spinal cavity

A

space inside spinal column

28
Q

Ventral cavities

A

located in ventral position in body; thoracic cavity // pleural cavity // mediastinum // diaphragm // abdominal cavity // abdominopelvic cavity // pelvic cavity

29
Q

Upper ventral cavities

A

thoracic cavity (chest cavity)

30
Q

mdiastinum

A

midportion of the thoracic cavity

31
Q

pleural cavities

A

lateral subdivisions of the thoracic cavity (left and right)

32
Q

lower ventral cavities

A

abdominal cavity // pelvic cavity

33
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity since nothing separates the 2 cavities

34
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

35
Q

Body Cavities (from top to bottom)

A

cranial cavity - spinal cavity - thoracic cavity - pleural cavities (left and right) - mediastinum - diaphragm - abdominal cavity - abdominopelvic cavity - pelvic cavity

36
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A
  1. Right Upper (right superior) quadrant
  2. Right Lower (right inferior) quadrant
  3. Left upper (left superior) quadrant
  4. Left Lower (left inferior) quadrant
37
Q

Quadrants and Regions

A

Medsagittal and transverse planese pass through the navel (umbilicus) and divide the abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants

38
Q

Precise way to divide abdominopelvic cavity

A

9 quadrants - tik tak to quads

Row 1 - Uper abdominopelvic regions (right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region) lies above imaginary line above 9th rib

Row 2 - Middle abdominopelvic regions (right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar regions) lies below line of 9th rib cartilages but above line across abdomen at top of hip bones

Row 3 - Right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric region, left iliac region - lies below hip bones

39
Q

Body as a whole subdivided into 2 major portions

A
  1. Axial

2. Appendicular

40
Q

Axial portion of body consists of:

A

head, neck, torso, trunk

41
Q

Appendicular portion of body consists of

A

upper and lower extremities (or limbs)

42
Q

Trunk consists of

A
  1. thoracic (chest)
  2. abdominal (abdomen)
  3. pelvic (pelvis)
43
Q

Atrophy

A

Degenerative process that results from disuse // can be reversed with therapy

44
Q

Homeostasis

A

relative constancy of internal environment // cells of body live in internal environment made up mostly of water combined with salts and other dissolved substances

Ex: Fish bowl - all levels must be relatively in stable ranges

45
Q

Feedback loop

A

integrated communication control system in the body

46
Q

Feedback Control

A

Sensor -> Control Center -> Effector

47
Q

Negative Feedback Loops

A

oppose or negate a change in controlled conditins
Ex: Temp receptors detect a body temperature higher than normal, and the brain sends signals to sweat glands to cool us down through evaporation; conditions are reversed and balance is restored

48
Q

Positive Feedback Loops

A

stimulatory; instead of opposing a change in internal environment and causing “return to normal”, it temporarily amplifies the change that is occurring
Ex: events that cause rapid increases in uterine contractions before birth of a baby; increasingly rapid sticking together of blood cells (platelets) to form a plug that begins formation of a blood clot

49
Q

Developmental Process

A

changes and functions occurring during early years

50
Q

Aging Process

A

changes and functions occurring after young adulthood

51
Q

Negative feedback loops can turn into positive feedback loops

A

Ex: severe bleeding may cause drop in blood pressure (needed for continued blood flow), so the heart beats faster to increase the blood pressure back to normal, while also increasing the loss of blood, which causes a further drop in blood pressure and an even faster heart rate in an ever-increasing cycle. Amplification caused by the blood loss can turn deadly. To stop positive feedback loop, apply pressure to the wound to stop or slow the loss of blood

Medical Coding (11 decks)

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