Intro to the Body (Ch 1)

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of function of living organism and their parts

Question 3

levels of organisms

Answer 3

chemical level (least complex), organism level (most complex)

Question 4

Chemical Level

Answer 4

atoms and molecules

Question 5

Anatomical position

Answer 5

body is standing posture with arms at sides and palms face forward

Question 6

Supine

Answer 6

body is lying face upward

Question 7

Prone

Answer 7

body is lying face downward

Question 8

Superior

Answer 8

toward the head; upper/above

Question 9

inferior

Answer 9

towards the feet; lower/below

Question 10

anterior

Answer 10

front/ in front of (ventral)

Question 11

posterior

Answer 11

back / in back of (dorsal)

Question 12

ventral

Answer 12

towards the belly

Question 13

dorsal

Answer 13

toward the back

Question 14

medial

Answer 14

toward the midline of the body

Question 15

lateral

Answer 15

toward the side of the body or away from its midline

Question 16

proximal

Answer 16

toward or nearest trunk of the body, or nearest point of origin of one of its parts

Question 17

distal

Answer 17

away from or farthest from trunk or the point of origin of a body part

Question 18

superficial

Answer 18

nearer the surface

Question 19

deep

Answer 19

farther away from body surface

Question 20

sagittal plane

Answer 20

cut or section runs along lengthwise plane running from front to back; divides body into right and left sides

Question 21

midsagittal plane

Answer 21

sagittal plane that divides body into 2 equal parts

Question 22

frontal plane

Answer 22

(coronal plane) lengthwise plane running from side to side; divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back) planes

Question 23

transverse plane

Answer 23

horizontal or crosswise plane; divides bod into upper and lower portions

Question 24

2 major body cavities

Answer 24

dorsal body cavity // ventral body cavity

Question 25

dorsal cavities

Answer 25

includes space inside skull that contains the brain (cranial cavity) and space inside the spinal column (spinal cavity)

Question 26

cranial cavity

Answer 26

space inside brain

Question 27

spinal cavity

Answer 27

space inside spinal column

Question 28

Ventral cavities

Answer 28

located in ventral position in body; thoracic cavity // pleural cavity // mediastinum // diaphragm // abdominal cavity // abdominopelvic cavity // pelvic cavity

Question 29

Upper ventral cavities

Answer 29

thoracic cavity (chest cavity)

Question 30

mdiastinum

Answer 30

midportion of the thoracic cavity

Question 31

pleural cavities

Answer 31

lateral subdivisions of the thoracic cavity (left and right)

Question 32

lower ventral cavities

Answer 32

abdominal cavity // pelvic cavity

Question 33

abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 33

abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity since nothing separates the 2 cavities

Question 34

diaphragm

Answer 34

muscular sheet that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 35

Body Cavities (from top to bottom)

Answer 35

cranial cavity - spinal cavity - thoracic cavity - pleural cavities (left and right) - mediastinum - diaphragm - abdominal cavity - abdominopelvic cavity - pelvic cavity

Question 36

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 36

1. Right Upper (right superior) quadrant 2. Right Lower (right inferior) quadrant 3. Left upper (left superior) quadrant 4. Left Lower (left inferior) quadrant

Question 37

Quadrants and Regions

Answer 37

Medsagittal and transverse planese pass through the navel (umbilicus) and divide the abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants

Question 38

Precise way to divide abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 38

9 quadrants - tik tak to quads Row 1 - Uper abdominopelvic regions (right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region) lies above imaginary line above 9th rib Row 2 - Middle abdominopelvic regions (right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar regions) lies below line of 9th rib cartilages but above line across abdomen at top of hip bones Row 3 - Right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric region, left iliac region - lies below hip bones

Question 39

Body as a whole subdivided into 2 major portions

Answer 39

1. Axial | 2. Appendicular

Question 40

Axial portion of body consists of:

Answer 40

head, neck, torso, trunk

Question 41

Appendicular portion of body consists of

Answer 41

upper and lower extremities (or limbs)

Question 42

Trunk consists of

Answer 42

1. thoracic (chest) 2. abdominal (abdomen) 3. pelvic (pelvis)

Question 43

Atrophy

Answer 43

Degenerative process that results from disuse // can be reversed with therapy

Question 44

Homeostasis

Answer 44

relative constancy of internal environment // cells of body live in internal environment made up mostly of water combined with salts and other dissolved substances Ex: Fish bowl - all levels must be relatively in stable ranges

Question 45

Feedback loop

Answer 45

integrated communication control system in the body

Question 46

Feedback Control

Answer 46

Sensor -> Control Center -> Effector

Question 47

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 47

oppose or negate a change in controlled conditins Ex: Temp receptors detect a body temperature higher than normal, and the brain sends signals to sweat glands to cool us down through evaporation; conditions are reversed and balance is restored

Question 48

Positive Feedback Loops

Answer 48

stimulatory; instead of opposing a change in internal environment and causing "return to normal", it temporarily amplifies the change that is occurring Ex: events that cause rapid increases in uterine contractions before birth of a baby; increasingly rapid sticking together of blood cells (platelets) to form a plug that begins formation of a blood clot

Question 49

Developmental Process

Answer 49

changes and functions occurring during early years

Question 50

Aging Process

Answer 50

changes and functions occurring after young adulthood

Question 51

Negative feedback loops can turn into positive feedback loops

Answer 51

Ex: severe bleeding may cause drop in blood pressure (needed for continued blood flow), so the heart beats faster to increase the blood pressure back to normal, while also increasing the loss of blood, which causes a further drop in blood pressure and an even faster heart rate in an ever-increasing cycle. Amplification caused by the blood loss can turn deadly. To stop positive feedback loop, apply pressure to the wound to stop or slow the loss of blood