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MED SCHOOL > intro to the body > Flashcards

intro to the body Flashcards

1
Q

Computed tomography = ct

A

take multiple entries from different angles
A computer then integrates that into a three dimensional image

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1
Q

x-ray

A

taking a three dimensional structure and converting it to a two dimensional image

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2
Q

MRI + ULTRASOUND SAFER?

A

no x rays

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3
Q

anatomical position

A

stands upright
face forward
upper limbs down by side
palms forward
thumbs facing away from the body feet are together again facing forward.

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4
Q

median plane

A

or sagittal=> cut a body into right and left - perfectly on midline

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5
Q

coronal plane

A

frontal plane = separates front from back

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6
Q

transverse plane

A

separates top from bottom
axial plane

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7
Q

superior

A

towards head

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8
Q

inferior

A

towards feet

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9
Q

anterior

A

front

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10
Q

posterior

A

behind

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11
Q

lateral

A

further from midline - thumbs = most

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12
Q

medial

A

nearer midline

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13
Q

dorsal

A

posterior

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14
Q

ventral

A

anterior

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15
Q

caudal

A

inferior <=> tail

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16
Q

cranial

A

superior = brain

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17
Q

superficial

A

near surface

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18
Q

intermediate

A

between superficial and deep

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19
Q

deep

A

farther from surface

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20
Q

proximal

A

= close to point of origin

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21
Q

distal

A

= far from point of origin

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22
Q

palmar

A

palm

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23
Q

dorsum

A

back of hands/ foot

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24
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot

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25
Q

types of sections

A

longitudinally
transversally
obliquely

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26
Q

unilateral

A

affecting one side only

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27
Q

bilateral

A

affecting both sides

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28
Q

dexter/dextra

A

right side

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29
Q

sinister/sinistra

A

left side

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30
Q

ipsilateral

A

affecting / situated on same side of body

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31
Q

contralateral

A

affecting / situated on opposite side of body

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32
Q

flexion

A

reducing angle of joint

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33
Q

extension

A

increasing angle

34
Q

dorsiflexion

A

towards dorsum

35
Q

plantarflexion

A

towards plantar

36
Q

abduction

A

moving away from midline/ median plane

37
Q

adduction

A

moving towards midline/ median plane

38
Q

supination

A

rotating forearm => palm up

39
Q

pronation

A

rotating forearm => palm down

40
Q

opposition/ reposition

A

thumbs => pinky touch
and not

41
Q

elevation/depression

A

lift/ put down shoulders

42
Q

eversion/ inversion

A

angle joint
moving out/in towards me

43
Q

retrusion/ protrusion

A

backwards/ forwards

44
Q

retraction/ protrusion

A

scapula backwards= in/ forwards = out

45
Q

skin = 2 facts

A

largest organ + 3 layers

46
Q

epidermis

A

Keratinised epithelium
Some nerve endings
Avascular (no blood vessels)
Shedding (2 grams per day) and regeneration

47
Q

dermis

A

Collagenous and elastin rich
i.e. tough and stretchy
Vascular and innervated
Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscles <=> hair stands up = hair contracts, some sweat glands

48
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

Adipose tissue (fat) store
Vascular and innervated
Contains sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine)

49
Q

eccrine

A

water and some electrolytes, present on almost all skin

50
Q

apocrine

A

Apocrine = lipid/protein rich secretion, select sites (axillae, perineal area, genital area) – “activate” with puberty

51
Q

skin functions

A
  • Protection – keratin, collagen, elastin
  • Containment (capable of expanding and contraction)
  • Thermoregulation – sweat, hair and arrector pili, superficial vasculature
  • Sensory – nerve endings – pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch
  • Vitamin D synthesis vs. protection from UV – with melanin content
  • Can absorb medications (more readily in lipid-based preparation)
52
Q

langer’s lines

A

If you want to make an incision, ideally you want to cut parallel to the Langer’s lines, parallel to the main direction of the collagen - no tension on it

53
Q

skeleton + cartilage

A

costal cartilages = attach ribs to sternum, give flexibility to ribcage
articular cartilages = most joints

54
Q

axial squeleton

A

skull, vertebrae (vertebral colum), sacrum, ribs, coccyx, hyoid = little bon ein neck, sternum

55
Q

appendicular squeleton

A

limbs, clavicle and scapula, hip bones

56
Q

CNS - central nervous system

A

brain + spinal cord

57
Q

PNS - peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves
12 paired cranial nerves
Arise from brain/brainstem
Functions mostly occur in head and neck, with exception of vagus nerve (CNX)
nerves that give “Special” senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance)

58
Q

sensory nerves

A

afferent

59
Q

motor nerves

A

efferent

60
Q

somatic motor/sensory

A

body wall

61
Q

visceral motor/ sensory

A

organs within body

62
Q

enteric nerves

A

collection of nerves that actually is found within the lining of the digestive system.

63
Q

neurones

A

are the functional cells of the nervous system
They conduct small electrical signals based on charge differences across their membranes
Neurones are actually outnumbered by cells called glial cells which support them

64
Q

Neurones communication

A

via neurotransmitter release at synapses

65
Q

ganglion/ ganglia

A

A collection of cell bodies is termed a ganglion (pl. ganglia)
Ganglia are sites of synapsing

66
Q

what is the CNS covered by - DAP

A

Covered in protective layers of meninges
Three layers:
Dura mater – tough outer layer
Arachnoid mater – middle layer, creates a subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid
Pia mater – closely adhered to brain/spinal cord

67
Q

PNS

A

31 spinal nerves
Cervical = 8
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Spinal = 5
Coccygeal = 1
numbered -> ascending downwards

68
Q

spinal nerves

A

serve as both dermatomes and myotomes

69
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight mode
thoracolumbar outflow from nervous system
distributes thru sympathetic trunk
Dilates pupils, increases cardiac output, dilates bronchioles, increase blood to muscle, slow digestion etc

70
Q

parasympathetic

A

“rest & digest”
Constrict pupil, decrease cardiac output, promote digestive functions etc.
cranial sacral outflow

71
Q

four main cavities

A
  1. abdominal, pelvic or peritoneal cavity
    2/3 right and left pleural cavity => house of lungs
  2. pericardial cavity
72
Q

visceral layer

A

inner layer in contact with organ

73
Q

cavity

A

very small amount of a lubricating serious fluid. - plural fluid
And that simply helps keep the movement of the organ within the body free of friction, allows free movement.

74
Q

parietal layer

A

outer layer - body wall with lubricating liquid in between

75
Q

what do cavities represent

A

Cavities represent potential spaces – sources of spreading infection, fluid build up or fluid (blood) loss

76
Q

From what regions do the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system exit the CNS?

A

Parasympathetic – cranial, sacral/S2-4
Sympathetic – thoraco-lumbar/T1-L3

77
Q

development of body cavities

A

All humans start as two cells, that form a zygote
This undergoes divisions and implants into the mothers uterus
A three layer (trilaminar) disc forms from the epiblast via a process termed gastrulation (day 17)
The three layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
These three “germ layers” subsequently develop into all tissues of the body
The mesoderm develops into distinct parts, termed paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm is divided into parietal and visceral layer
Intra embryonic coelom forms a “horseshoe” shape around the developing head
The embryonic “disc” folds in two planes – cranio-caudally and laterally
Lateral folding causes closing of the body walls and “entrapment” of intra-embryonic coelom and gut tube within a closed body cavity
Cavity lined by somatic mesoderm, gut tube/mesentery by visceral mesoderm
The continuous primitive body cavities must then undergo partitioning
Lungs buds invaginate into pericardioperitoneal canals forming pleural cavities and pleuropericardial folds (a ridge of mesenchyme = embryonic connective tissue) separate the pericardial and pleural cavities
pleuropericardial folds form fibrous pericardium
The diaphragm forms to separate thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Composed of septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, mesentery of oesophagus and the body wall

78
Q

Viscera/splanchnic

A

organs

79
Q

Parietal/somatic

A

wall

80
Q

Ecto

A

– outer

81
Q

Meso

A

middle

82
Q

Endo

A

inner

MED SCHOOL (7 decks)

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