Intro to renal and filtration Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of cardiac output is attributed to the kidneys?

A

20%.

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2
Q

List the main functions of the kidney.

A
  • Filtration of blood
  • Detoxification (including drugs)
  • Regulation of blood pressure
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Regulation of haematopoiesis
  • Making vitamin D.
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3
Q

What is the primary challenge in designing the kidney’s filter?

A

To create a very fine filter that does not clog while filtering a large volume of fluid in a small space.

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4
Q

What is the cut-off size for the kidney filter?

A

Approximately 4nm (40 Å).

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5
Q

What is the slit diaphragm?

A

A structural component of the kidney filter that allows for selective filtration.

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6
Q

True or False: Only about 3% of the total area of the slit diaphragm is actually slit.

A

True.

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7
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole is restricted?

A

Blood pressure in capillaries drops and filtration rate decreases.

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8
Q

What happens when the efferent arteriole is restricted?

A

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries rises and filtration rate increases.

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9
Q

What is one method the kidney uses to prevent clogging?

A

Pinocytosis of trapped proteins.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The typical blood flow to the kidneys is ______.

A

1.2L/min.

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11
Q

What is the typical plasma flow to the kidneys?

A

0.66L/min.

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12
Q

What is the rate of filtration through glomeruli summed across all?

A

0.13L/min.

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13
Q

Approximately what percentage of plasma is removed as filtrate?

A

20%.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the fresh dialysate in an artificial glomerulus?

A

To be full of the ‘wanted’ small molecules of the blood to prevent net loss.

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15
Q

How many renal corpuscles are typically found in a human kidney?

A

50,000 – 1,000,000.

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16
Q

What hypothesis relates nephron number to a mother’s amino acid nutrition?

A

Barker hypothesis.

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17
Q

What is a major source of resistance to fluid flow in the kidney filter?

A

The slit diaphragm.

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18
Q

What is the role of mesangial cells in the kidney?

A

To clean the filter and renew it.

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19
Q

What is the significance of osmotic pressures in kidney filtration?

A

Pressure is needed to oppose the osmotic pressures from proteins and small molecule solutes.

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20
Q

What are the main parts of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle, Proximal tubule, Distal tubule, Henle’s loop

The nephron is divided into these four main sections.

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21
Q

What substances do nephron epithelia recover?

A
  • Na+
  • K+
  • Ca2+
  • Mg2+
  • Cl-
  • HCO3-
  • PO42-
  • H2O
  • Amino acids
  • Glucose
  • Proteins

These are essential for various physiological processes.

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22
Q

What is the significance of understanding renal transport systems for medics?

A

Many components are drug targets used to control renal function and are vulnerable to damage by drugs

Knowledge of these transport systems aids in pharmacology and patient care.

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23
Q

What are Solute Carrier Family (SLC) proteins?

A

About 300 proteins, many are co-transporters powered by established concentration gradients

They are involved in secondary active transport.

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24
Q

What is the function of Aquaporins?

A

They are water channels that facilitate water transport across cell membranes

Essential for maintaining water homeostasis.

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25
Q

What is the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

It actively exports 3 Na+ out and imports 2 K+ into the cell, creating an ion gradient

This gradient powers passive transport of other solutes.

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26
Q

How does sodium recovery occur in the proximal tubule?

A

Via Na+/H+ exchanger (SLC9A3) and Na+/K+ ATPase

This is a primary mechanism for sodium reabsorption.

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27
Q

What transporter is responsible for sodium chloride co-transport in the distal tubule?

A

Sodium chloride co-transporter (SLC12A3)

This transporter facilitates sodium and chloride recovery.

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28
Q

What is the role of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter in the Loop of Henle?

A

It is responsible for potassium recovery

The transporter is known as SLC12A2.

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29
Q

How are amino acids recovered in the proximal tubule?

A

Using Na+/2Cl- co-transporters (SLC6a18/SLC6a19) and other specific channels

Various channels carry different neutral amino acids.

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30
Q

What is the primary mechanism for glucose recovery in the kidneys?

A

Active transport via SLC5A1/SLC5A2

Glucose is reabsorbed mostly in the proximal tubule.

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31
Q

What is the relationship between plasma glucose levels and glucose excretion?

A

As plasma glucose increases, reabsorption reaches a threshold, leading to excretion

This is significant in conditions like diabetes mellitus.

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32
Q

What do Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs) do?

A

They allow passive movement of cations in either direction

Examples include OCT2 and OCT3.

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33
Q

What do Organic Anion Transporters (OATs) transport?

A
  • Methotrexate
  • Furosemide
  • Penicillin

These are important for excreting various drugs and metabolites.

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34
Q

What is the function of the SLC34A1 transporter?

A

It is involved in phosphate recovery in the proximal tubule

This transporter plays a role in maintaining phosphate balance.

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35
Q

What is the significance of bicarbonate recovery in the kidney?

A

It helps regulate acid-base balance in the body

The mechanism involves bicarbonate and hydrogen ion exchange.

36
Q

How is ammonia produced in the kidneys?

A

From glutamine metabolism in the proximal tubule

Ammonia can be transported and excreted as ammonium ions.

37
Q

What do intercalated cells in the kidneys do?

A

They regulate acid-base balance by secreting or absorbing hydrogen ions

Type A cells secrete H+, while Type B cells absorb H+.

38
Q

What is the primary mechanism for calcium transport in the kidneys?

A

Calcium is mainly transported paracellularly and passively driven by osmotic gradients

This occurs once urine is concentrated.

39
Q

What is the summary of solute recovery mechanisms in the kidneys?

A

Recovery mostly relies on the sodium gradient created by the Na+/K+ ATPase pump

Each solute has specific transport systems, mainly SLC proteins.

40
Q

Fill in the blank: The kidney has several ways to play with ______ balance of the body.

A

acid-base

This is crucial for maintaining overall homeostasis.

41
Q

What is the primary function of the proximal tubule?

A

Recovery of sodium, chloride, phosphate, and calcium

Achieves 65% recovery of these ions

42
Q

What gradient drives the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids in the proximal tubule?

A

Sodium gradient

Sodium is pulled through by the basal pump

43
Q

Fill in the blank: Potassium is dumped into the tubule lumen due to the _______.

A

basal pump

44
Q

What happens to osmolarity in the proximal tubule?

A

Tries to lower osmolarity, causing water to flow passively from the tubule

This occurs to counteract solute movement

45
Q

What is the role of aquaporins in the proximal tubule?

A

Facilitate the passive flow of water

Water flows from the tubule to the interstitium

46
Q

True or False: The proximal tubule concentrates urine.

A

False

The proximal tubule maintains roughly iso-osmotic conditions

47
Q

What is the function of the sodium chloride co-transporter SLC12A2?

A

Pulls sodium and chloride from the tubule to the tissues

48
Q

What is the permeability characteristic of the descending thin limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Permeable to water, impermeable to ions and urea

49
Q

What occurs in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Active recovery of ions driven by the sodium pump

50
Q

How does the Loop of Henle affect the osmolarity of tubular contents?

A

Gets more diluted due to ion recovery

Mainly because so much has been recovered

51
Q

What is the role of the vasa recta in maintaining the hypertonic region of the medulla?

A

Facilitates countercurrent exchange of water and ions

52
Q

Fill in the blank: The distal tubule is primarily involved in the recovery of _______.

53
Q

What percentage of NaCl is recovered by the time it reaches the distal tubule?

54
Q

What does the collecting duct regulate?

A

Permeability to water

55
Q

What hormone regulates water permeability in the collecting duct?

A

Vasopressin

56
Q

How much filtered water can be removed by the collecting duct?

57
Q

What anatomical arrangement is crucial for the function of the Loop of Henle?

A

Separation between normal and hypertonic zones

58
Q

What is the effect of low renal oxygen on erythropoiesis?

A

Stimulates erythropoietin release, leading to more red blood cells

59
Q

What three mechanisms control blood flow to the glomerulus?

A
  • Systemic blood pressure
  • Constriction of afferent arterioles
  • Constriction of efferent arterioles
60
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

Regulates afferent arteriole constriction based on sodium concentration

61
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated glomerular blood pressure results in _______ flow of filtrate.

62
Q

What is the role of the macula densa?

A

Regulates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by sensing NaCl concentration

63
Q

How does elevated glomerular blood pressure affect the macula densa?

A

Filtrate flows faster, leading to less time for solute recovery and more NaCl remaining in the distal tubule

64
Q

What do macula densa cells release in response to increased NaCl?

65
Q

What effect does adenosine have on the afferent arteriole?

A

Causes constriction

66
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells release in response to macula densa signaling?

67
Q

What type of enzyme is renin?

68
Q

What is the action of Angiotensin II on kidney cells?

A

Promotes active export of Na+ and H+

69
Q

What is the function of the Na+/H+ exchanger SLC9A3?

A

Facilitates sodium and hydrogen ion transport

70
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in kidney function?

A

Enhances Na+ recovery and K+ secretion

71
Q

What type of cells does aldosterone act upon?

A

Principal cells and α-intercalated cells in the collecting duct

72
Q

What is the effect of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) on kidney cells?

A

Increases water reabsorption by regulating aquaporin channels

73
Q

True or False: AVP is also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

74
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do in the kidneys?

A

Blocks Na+ re-uptake in collecting ducts, promoting sodium loss

75
Q

What is the primary site for calcium recovery in the kidney?

A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

76
Q

Which hormone regulates calcium recovery in the kidney?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

77
Q

How does the body typically maintain acid-base balance?

A

By removing excess acid through urinary excretion

78
Q

What is the primary function of loop diuretics?

A

Increase urine output by inhibiting Na+ recovery in the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop

79
Q

What happens to electrolytes when loop diuretics are used?

A

Loss of Na+, K+, and Cl- due to failure to recover in the TAL

80
Q

What is a major side effect of loop diuretics?

A

Hypercalcuria and potential kidney stones

81
Q

What distinguishes thiazide diuretics from loop diuretics?

A

Thiazides are effective for hypertension control and drive calcium recovery

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics primarily targets _______.

A

SLC12A3/NCC

83
Q

What is a characteristic of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

They prevent potassium loss while promoting sodium excretion

84
Q

What is the effect of acidosis on potassium reabsorption?

A

Increases potassium reuptake due to increased H+ out-pumping

85
Q

What is the effect of alkalosis on potassium reabsorption?

A

Decreases potassium reuptake and increases potassium loss

86
Q

What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for?

A

They increase bicarbonate in the lumen, resisting water egress osmotically

87
Q

What effect does high plasma glucose have on diuresis?

A

Can lead to osmotic diuresis, causing water loss without significant Na+ loss