INTRO TO RADTHERA Flashcards
1
Q
Another term for rad thera
A
Radiation Oncology
2
Q
- Treatment of malignant and benign tumors by the application of ionizing radiation
A
Radiation therapy
3
Q
What are the 3 principal procedures used in tx of cancer
A
Radiation Therapy
Surgery
Chemotherapy
4
Q
They prescribe the quantity of radiation and determine the anatomic region/s to be treated and to be monitored
A
RADIATION ONCOLOGIST
5
Q
- Gives advices to the consultant about dosage calculations and complex treatment techniques
A
MEDICAL PHYSICIST/ MEDICAL DOSIMETRIST
6
Q
- Devise a plan for delivering the txs in a manner to best meet the consultant’s goal of irradiation the tumor while protecting vital normal structures
A
MEDICAL PHYSICIST/ MEDICAL DOSIMETRIST
7
Q
- Administers the approved treatment plan, keeping accurate records of the dose delivered each day
- Monitors patient physical and emotional well-being
A
Radiation Therapist
8
Q
What does a radiation therapist do?
A
- Obtains radiographs/ CT-Scan images that localizes the area to be treated
9
Q
- Assists patients w/ the side effects of their treatment and makes sure that patient is in good condition during patient’s treatment
A
Radiology nurse
10
Q
What is the aim of radiation therapy?
A
- Deliver precisely high dose of radiation to a specific tumor volume with minimal damage to the surrounding healthy tissue
11
Q
What are the 3 goals of radiation therapy?
A
Curative, Palliative, Prophylactic
12
Q
- There’s probability of long-term survival after adequate therapy
A
Curative
13
Q
What does palliative refer to?
A
- No hope of total eradication of the tumor, done to relieve suffering and to prolong life
14
Q
- Treatment of some parts of the body that is suspected of harboring tumor cell but w/o any symptoms
A
Prophylactic
15
Q
- Disease process that involves an unregulated & uncontrolled replication of cells.
- Invades normal tissues, destroy and create a mass of tumor cells
A
Cancer
16
Q
90% of cancer arises from what?
A
Epithelial tissue
17
Q
Causes of cancer?
A
- Genetic Factors
- Lifestyle Factors
- Certain Types of Infections
- Environmental Exposures
18
Q
what are the types of carcinomas
A
Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma
19
Q
- Arises from the surface epithelium of a structure
A
squamous cell carcinoma
20
Q
where does squamous cell carcinoma arise from?
A
ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, BRONCHUS, SKIN, CERVIX
21
Q
- Develops in a glandular epithelium
A
Adenocarcinoma
22
Q
Where do adenocarcinomas develop?
A
PROSTATE, COLON/RECTUM, LUNG, BREAST, ENDOMETRIUM
23
Q
- Designed by the International Union Against Cancer and American Joint Committee For Cancer Staging And End Results Reporting
A
TNM STAGING
24
Q
What does T,N,M mean?
A
T- evidence & size of tumor
N - evidence of disease in the lymph nodes
M - spreading of the cancer to multiple organs
25
This tx for cancer uses drugs taken by mouth/injected into the px’s vein
chemotherapy
26
when do you use chemotherapy?
if the disease is systemic
27
* May be prescribed when the tumor is small and its margins are well-defined.
* Involves the removal of the tumor plus some surrounding tissues
Surgery
28
* Generally used after surgery when a px is deemed to be at high risk for tumor recurrence in the surgical bed
* Uses photons, electron and other sources of radiation
Radiation therapy
29
* Radiotherapy technique in w/c source of radiation is at some distance from the px
Teletherapy/EBRT
30
What does EBRT mean?
External beam radiation therapy
31
What is brachytherapy?
* Placement of radioactive substance/nuclides in or on neoplasm to deliver cancericidal dose
32
What are the categories of cancer?
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Myeloma
33
* Cancer that begins in the skin/tissues that line/cover internal organs
Carcinoma
34
What is sarcoma?
* CA that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective/supportive tissue
35
* CA that starts in blood-forming tissue such as bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood
Leukemia
36
what is lymphoma?
* Develop in the glands/nodes of the lymphatic system
37
what is myeloma?
* CA originating in plasma cells of the bone marrow
38
These are any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease/injury
risk factors
39
Categories of risk factors
external & internal
40
Give 5 signs of cancer
* C – hange in bowel/bladder habits
* A – sore that does not heal
* U – nusual bleeding/discharge
* T – hickening/lump in the breast, testicles/elsewhere
* I – ndigestion/difficulty swallowing
* O – bvious change in the size, color, shape, or thickness of a wart, mole, or mouth sore
* N – aging cough/hoarseness
* U – nexplained weight loss
* S – evere pain
41
Process of treatment of cancer
1. Diagnosis
2. Multidisciplinary Meeting
3. Simulation Procedure
4. Treatment Planning
5. Treatment Delivery
6. Monitoring and Follow-Up
42
what are the 4Rs in radiotherapy?
repair (few hours)
Redistribution (few hours)
reoxygenation of tumor cells (hours to few hours)
repopulation of normal healthy cells (7 weeks)
43
* Time interval between radiation fractions allows normal cells to grow, divide and therefore continue normal function at the level of tissues and organs.
REPOPULATION OF NORMAL HEALTHY CELLS (5-7 weeks)
44
* Majority of radiation damage to the DNA
of cancer cells occurs through a free radical mechanism that is enhanced by oxygen.
REOXYGENATION OF TUMOR CELLS (hours to few hours)
45
* ______________ of tumor cells into more radiosensitive phases of the cell cycle. Cancer cells have varying sensitivity to radiation depending on their current phase of the cell cycle.
redistribution
46
* ________ of sublethal DNA damage by normal cells. Fractionated tx preferentially allows normal cells to repair sublethal DNA damage
Repair
