Intro to Pulmonology Lecture Powerpoint

Question 1

Respiratory zone of the respiratory system includes these 3 structures and is the site of gas exchange from air to body

Answer 1

• respiratory bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• alveolar sacs

Question 2

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic innervation to the trachea

Answer 2

Sympathetic activates B receptors leading to relaxation and dilation of airways, parasympathetic activates muscarinic receptors leading to contraction and constriction of the airways

Question 3

Type I vs type II pneumocytes

Answer 3

Type I are the site of gas exchange, type II produce and secrete surfactant

Question 4

Blood flow to the lungs is influenced by…

Answer 4

…gravity, with standing causing flow to be lowest at apex and highest at the bases of the lungs

Question 5

Tidal volume definition and normal value

Answer 5

Normal quiet breathing volume moved in and out in respiration, approx 500mL

Question 6

Inspiratory reserve volume and normal value

Answer 6

Maximum inspiratory volume beyond normal tidal volume, approx 3000mL

Question 7

Expiratory reserve volume and normal value

Answer 7

Maximum expiratory volume beyond normal tidal volume, approx 1,200mL

Question 8

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume = ___ (also what is the value normally?)

Answer 8

inspiratory capacity (amount of air that can be inhaled after end of normal respiration) (3500mL)

Question 9

Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume = ___ (also what is the value normally?)

Answer 9

Functional residual capacity (amount of air in lungs at end of tidal volume breath) (2400mL)

Question 10

Inspiratory capacity + expiratory reserve volume =___ (also what is the value normally?)

Answer 10

Vital capacity (maximum air exhaled after maximum inhalation) (4700mL)

Question 11

Vital capacity + residual volume = ___ (what is the value normally?)

Answer 11

Total lung capacity (volume of air in lungs at end of max inspiration) (6000mL)

Question 12

Residual volume definition, value, and calculation

Answer 12

Volume of gas remaining in lungs after forced max expiration, 1,200mL, calculated by total lung capacity - (tidal vol + expiratory reserve volume)

Question 13

a1 antitrypsin deficiency

Answer 13

Inherited disease that may cause lung disease in patients where first signs and symptoms develop in 20-50’s causing emphysema

Question 14

Subcutaneous emphysema

Answer 14

A potential pathologic finding that may indicate pneumothorax presence, indicated by characteristic crackling under the skin upon touch that in itself is harmless

Question 15

Consolidation vs effusion

Answer 15

Consolidation is fluid in the lung that amplifies sound, while effusion is fluid around the lung that insulates sound transmission

Question 16

Hyperresonance upon percussion is due to ____ in the thorax characteristic of these 2 pathologies

Answer 16

excessive air, emphysema or pneumothorax

Question 17

Crackles are also known as…

Answer 17

…rales