Intro to public health Flashcards
what are the 3 domains of public health?
- health improvement
- health protection
- healthcare services delivery
what are the 3 drivers of public health?
- cost effectiveness
- population health needs
- ethics & values - who benefits, who it harms
what are examples of activities of public health to prevent disease?
- prevention & control
- promoting healthy behaviour
- protecting environments, food & water sources
- improving care services & cost-effectiveness and impacts
- prevention of avoidable, non-communicable diseases
- reducing health inequalities
what is burden of disease?
term used to describe 2 components - a more accurate measure of health & well-being than mortality data
what are DALY’s?
disability of adjusted life years
- typical expression of burden of disease
= years of life lost due to premature mortality & years of healthy life lost due to disability or ill health resulting from a specific cause
1 DALY= 1 year of health life
what is QALY’s?
quality of adjusted life year
general < £20,000 per QALY considered to be cost effective by NICE
(how well all different kinds of medical treatments lengthen and/or improve patients’ lives)
what is tertiary prevention aim?
to reduce impact of ongoing illness or injury, reduce risk of complications, improve quality of life -> to slow or halt deterioration for someone who already has illness
what are examples of tertiary prevention?
- diabetic retinopathy screening
- needle exchange programmes for IV drug users
- stroke rehabilitation programmes
what are some actions for tertiary prevention?
you can SIGNPOST
- liaise with other healthcare professionals
- know and advise on community-based support options
- revisit pro-health behaviour change
- be person-centred and engage in collaboration decision making
what is example of secondary prevention?
screening
what is secondary prevention?
early intervention to reverse or mitigate disease onset or progression
what is screening?
example of secondary prevention
= aims to detect presence of disease before symptoms or illness present
what is some criteria for screening to be applicable as secondary prevention?
disease - significant health problem, well-recognised latency, natural history understood
test - valid (sensitivity & specificity acceptable), simple, cost effective compared to not screening, safe & ethical & trusted by target population, facilities available
teratment after +ve test - finding out early improves outcomes, policy on medical response agreed, cost effective & sustainable
what are the different groups of people you screen - different screening methods?
mass screening e.g. all school children on dental health
targeted sub group at increased risk e.g. mammography for 50-70 year olds
systematic - retinopathy for diagnosed diabetics
opportunistic - chlamydia screening for sexually active 18-25 years
what are actions of secondary preventions?
- check patient record - up to date? new risks?
- consider behavior change
- raise subject respectfully and be prepared to discuss
- know the pathways from initiation to effective outcome
