Intro to Public Health

Question 1

recently increased topics of attention in public health

Answer 1

COVID-19 Pandemic
Concern with cost of medical care & the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010
US health & life expectancy worse than other high-income countries

Question 2

what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy

Answer 2

public health practice

Question 3

mission of public health

Answer 3

to generate organized community efforts to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health

Question 4

benefits of public health practice

Answer 4

Safer and cleaner environments and food/water
Dramatic increase in life expectancy
Decreased number of deaths from heart disease and stroke
Declines in death rates of adults and children
CDC’s (1999) Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century

Question 5

Gains made due to public health programs

Answer 5

Safety and adequacy of food supplies
Provision of safe water – what about Flint Michigan? Maui?
Sewage disposal
Public safety from biological threats, including immunizations
Personal behavior changes, including reproductive behavior

Question 6

3 core functions of public health

Answer 6

assessment
policy development
assurance

Question 7

Systematically collecting data on the population,
monitoring the population’s health status, and making the
information available about the health of the
community/population

Answer 7

assessment

Question 8

The need to provide
leadership in developing policies that support the
health of the population, including the use of the
scientific knowledge base in making decisions
about policy

Answer 8

policy development

Question 9

Role of public health in ensuring
that essential community health services are
available for those who would otherwise not
receive them; also important = making sure there
are competent public health workers/monitoring
and assuring adequate quality of care.

Answer 9

assurance

Question 10

10 essential services of public health

Answer 10

1. Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and hazards in the community.
3. Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
4. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
5. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
6. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
7. Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care that is otherwise unavailable.
8. Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce.
9. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.
10. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problem.

Question 11

levels of health care services pyramid bottom to top

Answer 11

population-based health care services - most people
clinical presentative services - health department
primary health care - outpatient
secondary health care -urgent care
tertiary health care - acute

Question 12

Describes the type of population whose health is being considered

Answer 12

population health

Question 13

(who, what, where, why, and how

Answer 13

scope

Question 14

duties a [public health nurse {or other type of nurse}] should be able to do

Answer 14

standards

Question 15

the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences

Answer 15

public health nursing

Question 16

Population-focused
Community-oriented/based
Health and prevention focused
Interventions at the community and/or population level
Concern for the health of all members of the population or community, particularly those facing social determinants of health and other vulnerable populations

Answer 16

public health nursing

Question 17

social determinants of health

Answer 17

Born
Live
Work
Play
Worship

Question 18

Emphasizes health protection, health promotion, and disease prevention of a population

Answer 18

population focused

Question 19

Focus is on providing services to individuals rather than a population, while maintaining an appreciation for the values of the community

Answer 19

individual, family and group focuses

Question 20

groups focused on for population nursing practice

Answer 20

population (aggregate)
subpopulations
population-focused community-based practices
population health management

Question 21

goals of community health nursing

Answer 21

manage acute and chronic conditions, prevent disease and disability; promote, protect, and maintain health

Question 22

practice focus of community-based nursing

Answer 22

“illness care” of individuals and families across the life span
The aim is to manage acute and chronic health conditions in the community, and the practice is family-centered illness care

Question 23

practice focus of community-oriented nursing

Answer 23

“health care” of individuals, families, and groups in community

Question 24

goals of public health nursing practice

Answer 24

prevent disease and disability and promote and protect the community as a whole

Question 25

practice focus on public health nursing practice

Answer 25

The effect of the community’s health status (resources) on the health of individuals, families, and groups
Raise questions about the community’s overall health status and associated factors (including environmental) and working with the community to improve the population’s health status

Question 26

demographic trends from changes in US health care system

Answer 26

Population growth of the world
Aging Baby Boom generation
Change in largest minority group
Changing composition of the US household
Declining mortality for both genders in all age groups
More chronic and degenerative illness
New infectious diseases emerging

Question 27

social and economic trends from changes in US healthcare system

Answer 27

Changing lifestyles
Growing appreciation of the quality of life
Changing composition of families and living patterns
Changing household incomes

Question 28

health workforce trends

Answer 28

Changing type of services offered at hospitals
Current nursing shortage
Not enough primary-care providers
Advanced-practice nursing (APN) specialties
Need to increase number of minority nurses to help decrease health disparities

Question 29

technological trends form change in US healthcare system

Answer 29

Positive effects
Improve health care services
Improve access to care (telehealth)
Reduce costs (efficient means of delivering care; replacing people with machines)
More convenience (time & travel)

Electronic health records (EHR)
Efficient data collection
Improved disease surveillance
Automated personalized health notices

Question 30

two components of american health care systems

Answer 30

private or personal care
public health

Question 31

Primary care is the fist level of the private health care system
Offered in a variety of community settings

Answer 31

private or personal care

Question 32

Public health system is mandated through laws
Example: Immunization mandate for public school children

Answer 32

public health

Question 33

primary care examples

Answer 33

Managed care (HMOs and PPOs)
Health maintinence organization
preferred provider organization
Medicare and Medicaid

Question 34

Is mandated through laws that are developed at the national, state, or local level
Is organized into multiple levels comprising the federal, state, and local systems

Answer 34

public health system

Question 35

federal health systems

Answer 35

US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS, or simply HHS)
US Public Health Service
Department of Homeland Security
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programs

Question 36

Goals: manage acute and chronic conditions, prevent diseaseand disability; promote, protect, and maintain health

Answer 36

community health nursing

Question 37

Challenges for the Future for public health

Answer 37

• Barriers to nurses specializing in leadership
  roles in population health initiatives.
• Developing population health nurse leaders
• Shifting public health practice to address
  the social determinants of health and more
  vigorous policy efforts to create conditions
  for a health population

Question 38

what is healthy people 2030

Answer 38

• Framework with measurable health indicators
• Builds on the accomplishments of Healthy People
  2020
• Objectives can assist nurses in having data to show
  that public health and nurses are changing practice
• Provides evidence related to the latest trends and
  needs for health in the US

Question 39

Difference between community-based vs community-oriented care

Answer 39

based - “illness care” - manage acute and chronic illnesses
oriented - “health care” - maintain health and prevent disease