Intro to Public Health Flashcards
recently increased topics of attention in public health
COVID-19 Pandemic
Concern with cost of medical care & the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010
US health & life expectancy worse than other high-income countries
what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy
public health practice
mission of public health
to generate organized community efforts to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health
benefits of public health practice
Safer and cleaner environments and food/water
Dramatic increase in life expectancy
Decreased number of deaths from heart disease and stroke
Declines in death rates of adults and children
CDC’s (1999) Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century
Gains made due to public health programs
Safety and adequacy of food supplies
Provision of safe water – what about Flint Michigan? Maui?
Sewage disposal
Public safety from biological threats, including immunizations
Personal behavior changes, including reproductive behavior
3 core functions of public health
assessment
policy development
assurance
Systematically collecting data on the population,
monitoring the population’s health status, and making the
information available about the health of the
community/population
assessment
The need to provide
leadership in developing policies that support the
health of the population, including the use of the
scientific knowledge base in making decisions
about policy
policy development
Role of public health in ensuring
that essential community health services are
available for those who would otherwise not
receive them; also important = making sure there
are competent public health workers/monitoring
and assuring adequate quality of care.
assurance
10 essential services of public health
- Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
- Diagnose and investigate health problems and hazards in the community.
- Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
- Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
- Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
- Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
- Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care that is otherwise unavailable.
- Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce.
- Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.
- Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problem.
levels of health care services pyramid bottom to top
population-based health care services - most people
clinical presentative services - health department
primary health care - outpatient
secondary health care -urgent care
tertiary health care - acute
Describes the type of population whose health is being considered
population health
(who, what, where, why, and how
scope
duties a [public health nurse {or other type of nurse}] should be able to do
standards
the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social, and public health sciences
public health nursing
Population-focused
Community-oriented/based
Health and prevention focused
Interventions at the community and/or population level
Concern for the health of all members of the population or community, particularly those facing social determinants of health and other vulnerable populations
public health nursing
social determinants of health
Born
Live
Work
Play
Worship
Emphasizes health protection, health promotion, and disease prevention of a population
population focused
Focus is on providing services to individuals rather than a population, while maintaining an appreciation for the values of the community
individual, family and group focuses
groups focused on for population nursing practice
population (aggregate)
subpopulations
population-focused community-based practices
population health management
goals of community health nursing
manage acute and chronic conditions, prevent disease and disability; promote, protect, and maintain health
practice focus of community-based nursing
“illness care” of individuals and families across the life span
The aim is to manage acute and chronic health conditions in the community, and the practice is family-centered illness care
practice focus of community-oriented nursing
“health care” of individuals, families, and groups in community
goals of public health nursing practice
prevent disease and disability and promote and protect the community as a whole
practice focus on public health nursing practice
The effect of the community’s health status (resources) on the health of individuals, families, and groups
Raise questions about the community’s overall health status and associated factors (including environmental) and working with the community to improve the population’s health status
demographic trends from changes in US health care system
Population growth of the world
Aging Baby Boom generation
Change in largest minority group
Changing composition of the US household
Declining mortality for both genders in all age groups
More chronic and degenerative illness
New infectious diseases emerging
social and economic trends from changes in US healthcare system
Changing lifestyles
Growing appreciation of the quality of life
Changing composition of families and living patterns
Changing household incomes
health workforce trends
Changing type of services offered at hospitals
Current nursing shortage
Not enough primary-care providers
Advanced-practice nursing (APN) specialties
Need to increase number of minority nurses to help decrease health disparities
technological trends form change in US healthcare system
Positive effects
Improve health care services
Improve access to care (telehealth)
Reduce costs (efficient means of delivering care; replacing people with machines)
More convenience (time & travel)
Electronic health records (EHR)
Efficient data collection
Improved disease surveillance
Automated personalized health notices
two components of american health care systems
private or personal care
public health
Primary care is the fist level of the private health care system
Offered in a variety of community settings
private or personal care
Public health system is mandated through laws
Example: Immunization mandate for public school children
public health
primary care examples
Managed care (HMOs and PPOs)
Health maintinence organization
preferred provider organization
Medicare and Medicaid
Is mandated through laws that are developed at the national, state, or local level
Is organized into multiple levels comprising the federal, state, and local systems
public health system
federal health systems
US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS, or simply HHS)
US Public Health Service
Department of Homeland Security
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) programs
Goals: manage acute and chronic conditions, prevent diseaseand disability; promote, protect, and maintain health
community health nursing
Challenges for the Future for public health
- Barriers to nurses specializing in leadership
roles in population health initiatives. - Developing population health nurse leaders
- Shifting public health practice to address
the social determinants of health and more
vigorous policy efforts to create conditions
for a health population
what is healthy people 2030
- Framework with measurable health indicators
- Builds on the accomplishments of Healthy People
2020 - Objectives can assist nurses in having data to show
that public health and nurses are changing practice - Provides evidence related to the latest trends and
needs for health in the US
Difference between community-based vs community-oriented care
based - “illness care” - manage acute and chronic illnesses
oriented - “health care” - maintain health and prevent disease
