Intro to psychopathology Flashcards
stigma
public (negative attitudes others have about mental illness), self (negative thoughts one has about self and mental illness), institutionalized (government or private places limiting opportunities for people with mental illness)
prehistoric times
people thought it was demonic, god played a role, people had possession, the treatment was trephination and exorcism
greek philosophers
looked at culture and philosophy
middle ages
not scientific thinking, inhumane thinking
1500s-1600s
resurgence of science, asylum
1700s-1800s
reform and moral treatment, focus on rest and diet
1900s
treatment, deinstitutionalization, hygiene movement
2000s
modern view, 4 major developments: biological link, basis of disorders, classification, research
2024
biopsychosocial model, research, development of evidence based treatments, barriers to care, unknowns about etiology and treatment remain
indicators of psychopathology
subjective distress, maladaptive, statistical deviance, violation of society standard, social discomfort, irrational and unpredictable, dangerousness
types of research
data, case studies, epidemiological, correlational, randomized
research ethics
informed consent, psychological harm, purpose of institutional review board
multifinality
when people start at the same point but end up with a different diagnosis
equifinality
when people start at a different point but end up with the same disorder
psychodynamic or psychoanalytic
subconscious and how we think about the world or how we think about ourselves can trigger a disorder
behavioral perspective
focus only on the observable behavior, classical and operant conditioning
classical conditioning
stimulus gets associated with a feeling
operant conditioning
a reward in feeling in psychopathology
cognitive behavioral perspective
focus on thoughts, feelings, physical sensations, and behaviors
schema
the lens through which one sees
types of assessment
clinical observation, direct observation, psychological tests, physical assessment, neuropsychological assessment, neurological assessment, behavioral observation
types of classification
categorical (meet the diagnostic criteria or not), prototypical (comparing if one describes the ideal criteria), dimensional (where one falls on a spectrum)
pros of the dsm
easy to diagnose, specific, nomenclature, common language, provides bounds, insurance reimbursement, clumping is organization, treatment roadmap, provides hope
cons of the dsm
loss of individual info, stigma, stereotyping, labeling, dimensional constructs are limited by category, limitations, comorbidity, subjective judgments - mixed reliability, different thresholds, based on the expert opinion and only that
reliability
the degree to which measuring a divide produced the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing
variability
the extent to which measure is measuring what it purports to measure
specific phobia
when someone has a fear regarding a specific object
panic disorder
when someone has a panic attack and has a great fear that another one is going to happen (heart pounding, sweating, trembling, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, distress or worry, change in behavior to reduce the likelihood of a panic attack)
agoraphobia
fear of being in places that is difficult to escape
social anxiety disorder
disabling fears of one or more specific social situation
generalized anxiety disorder
worry about multiple domains in life, worry for at least six months every day, worry is excessive, associated symptoms
stress vs. trauma
stress is what we experience and trauma is from a specific event (stress is chronicity, timing, how closely it affects someone, control)
criterion A trauma
direct exposure, witness, learning about trauma, repeated or extreme exposure
Yerkes dodson curve
without anxiety we would not be able to function well
three component model of emotion
sensations, thought, behavior
Lang’s fear model (emotional processing)
stimulus to response to meaning
PTSD treatment
prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, exposure based
GAD treatment
exposure (interoceptive, situational, imaginal)
