Intro to Psychology: Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is psychology?
study of the mind and behavior
What is Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) known for?
“father of psychology”, established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany in 1879, did a scientific study of the conscious experience and developed the idea of introspection
What is Edward Titchener (1867-1927) known for?
he developed the structuralist school of thought, and developed rules for proper use of introspection: participant (in an experiment) must be in a state of “strained” attention, observation must be able to be repeated several times, and stimulus must be manipulable
What is William James (1842-1910) known for?
he developed the functionalist school of thought, believing that mental processes are fluid and have continuity; a “stream of consciousness”. He also sought to understand how the mind, perception, habits, and emotions function to help us to adapt and survive
What is Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) known for?
he developed the concept of psychoanalysis, the study of how unconscious thoughts/instincts influence behavior. Freud unpacked unconscious conflicts through: free associations, slips of the tongue, and dream analysis
What is Behaviorism?
belief that only observable behavior should be studied, and that environmental factors shape behavior
Which four scientists studied behaviorism?
John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, E.L. Thorndike, and B.F. Skinner
What were John Watson’s views on behaviorism?
behavior is only governed by the environment (nurture), and there is a relationship between stimulus and response
What was Ivan Pavlov’s contribution to behaviorism?
he developed a school of behaviorism known as Pavlonian or classical conditioning. He’d take a stimulus and pair it, which would be considered a neutral stimulus, meaning it didn’t produce any type of automatic response. For example, associating the sound of a whistle with food
What was E.L. Thorndike’s contribution to behaviorism?
he performed experiments in which he’d observe cats and dogs navigating through mazes. He discovered that providing a reward following a successful escape would lead to a strengthened learning between stimulus and response
What were B.F. Skinner’s views on behaviorism?
consequences that follow behavior shape future behavior- reinforcement and punishment
Which school of thought opposed psychoanalysis and behaviorism?
Humanism
What are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers known for?
developed humanism as a school of thought, stressed “free will” and development of a healthy self-concept; drive toward personal growth, fulfilling one’s potential. Believed that humans are fundamentally different from animals. Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs
What was Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, with 5 being the lowest and 1 being the highest on the pyramid?
1) self-actualization
2) esteem & self-esteem
3) love & belonging
4) safety & security
5) physiological needs
Who were the Gestalt psychologists?
Kaffka, Wertheimer, and Kohler
What were the Gestalt psychologists known for?
their study of perception in the early to mid 20th century, believing that “patterns take precedence over elements”. They rebelled against the school of structuralism.
Closure
a space is not completely enclosed, but if enough of a shape is indicated, people can find the whole by filling in the missing information
The Law of Continuity
continuity occurs because a viewer’s eyes will naturally follow a line or a curve
The Law of Pragnance or the Law of Simplicity
simplicity occurs when objects in the environment are seen in a way that makes them appear as simple as possible
The Law of Proximity
proximity occurs when elements are placed close together
The Law of Similarity
similarity occurs when objects look similar to one another
What is Margaret Floy Washburn known for?
studying animal behavior and motor development, first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology in 1894, and the second woman to be president of APA
What is Mary Whiton Clark known for?
studying memory & developing pair-associate test, earning a PhD from Harvard that was not properly awarded to her, first woman to be president of APA
What is Christine Ladd Franklin known for?
theory of color vision, earned a PhD from Harvard in 1926
What is Francis Cecil Sumner known for?
study of race psychology, color and vision, psychology of religion. First African American to earn a PhD in 1920 from Clark University
What is Kenneth Clark known for?
studying race, famous “doll study”. Concluded segregation was psychologically damaging & played a role in Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court decision. First African American president of APA
What is Mamie Phipps Clark known for?
discovering that African American children become aware of their racial identity by age 3, and that many African American children were wrongly diagnosed of a learning disorder due to biased testing
What is Inez Beverly Prosser known for?
first African American to earn her PhD, studied academic development in mixed and segregated schools
Evolutionary Perspective (1960s-1970s)
Developed by David Buss; patterns of behavior or traits are inherited that enhance an organism’s survival.
Positive Psychology Movement (1990s)
Developed by Martin Seligman; understanding of positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence
