Intro to Psych Exam #3 Flashcards
personality
an individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors persisting over time and across situations
psychodynamic theories
- theorists
- what else falls in this category
theorists -Freud -Carl Jung -Alfred Adler -Karen Horney other -projective tests
Freud
- unconscious
- free association
- basic conflict
unconscious
-the part of us that is used without our awareness
free association
-no accidental behaviors - Freudian slips
basic conflict
-Id in conflict superego and ego mediates it
Freud
-tripartite structure of personality
Id, superego, ego -Id = unconscious, instinctual, primal desires -superego = internalized parental/societal voice --moral conscience -ego = mediates id/super --reality principle --impulse control like an iceberg -superego and ego visible -Id (largest part) below the water
psychosexual stages
oral -0-18 months -pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing anal -18-36 months phallic latency genital
Carl Jung
collective unconscious
- took theory of unconscious and expanded it
- -made it more important than Freud did
- as a species we have an unconscious that gets passed on from generation to generation
- there are universal symbols (snake symbolizes evil)
archetypes
Carl Jung
there are themes in your subconscious that you are drawn to
Alfred Adler
feelings of inferiority -focused on role of culture -one of first multicultural counselors looks at birth order -1st = perfectionist -2nd = rebellious focused on pressures faced by culture culture puts a premium on musculinity inferiority -start by feeling inferior -compensate (change) our personality -this defines us
Karen Horney
safety and love
finds that clients in the U.S. and Europe are different
culture and upbringing are more important than Freud thought
parents are first source of safety and love
-she did not have loving parents
relationship between Jung, Adler, and Horney
all talked about relationships
projective tests
given assessment and you have no idea what it’s for
test needs ambiguity
Rorschach test (what do you see in the inkblots)
-people with psychotic tendencies project things that seem abnormal
what evidence has updated Freud’s thoughts
-development
ASK
what evidence has updated Freud’s thoughts
-repression
putting a memory in an area where you don’t think about it
-common with trauma, physical/sexual abuse
can have an experience where you are “out of body”
there is evidence on both sides for whether it is real or not
Freud
-humans are highly suggestible
–do certain questions guide us to remember fake events?
what evidence has updated Freud’s thoughts
- development
- repression
- unconscious
development
repression
-you can implant ideas
enduring aspects of Freud
mental processes
- symptoms/behaviors that you have are related due to inner turmoil
- -struggle between ID and superego
- stable personality
- -traits are stable throughout your life
humanistic theorists
Maslow
Rogers
Maslow concepts
hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
deficit needs
hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
deficit needs
how are they intertwined
different needs are arranged in a pyramid
needs at the base are more important than needs higher up
our personality is defined by how we deal with these needs and which needs we have met
when we have met these needs (physiological, safety, belonging, esteem) we move to self-actualization
-you are me interested in being than doing
deficit needs
-the first 4 lines of the pyramid
-if these are not met, we are uncomfortable and are driven to meet these needs
-physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Rogers ideas
3 conditions that facilitate change
self-concept
expanded on self-actualization
3 conditions that facilitate change
genuineness (congruence)
-we need relationships in our life that dont have a facade
acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
-love without conditions
-when we experience this, we seen to do better
-Romans 5:8
empathy
-not sympathy
-when you accurately perceive someone’s feelings
-“if I were you I would be feeling ____”
self-concept
if the above conditions are not met, our self-image is skewed self-concept = core of personality real self vs. ideal -unhealthy people have these split -healthy people have overlap -i.e. American Idol syndrome
trait theories
- examples
- what is the purpose
Allport Eysenck factor analysis MMPI the big 5 purpose -find universal language that is empirically based about how we describe personality
Allport
first person to try and define personality
coined personality
-persona = mask/facade
personality is how we are perceived in the world
trait
-an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way
meeting with Freud: traumatic
trait theory
-what traits can we measure and do they predict behavior
-Ex. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Eysenck
Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions
-found correlation between extroversion/introversion and neuroticism and emotional stability/instability
–extraverted and stable has certain traits
focused on genetic, biological factors that affect the personality
-could extraversion be related to biological factors?
–expanded to look at the brain - areas that focus on arousal
factor analysis
identify clusters that tend to cluster together
-morning approach (class activity)
Eysenck’s ideas fall under this
MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory)
has questions to weed out people trying to perform well/poorly
tests for personality issues
depression, psychopathic deviancy
the Big 5 personality factors
- what are they
- stability over time
what are they -conscientiousness --high level: self-discipline, organized --low level: scattered, less organized -agreeableness --high: helpful, work out conflicts -neuroticism (emotional stability) --high: anxious, emotionally unstable -openness to experience --high: like trying new things, less fundamental in faith, flexible, nonconformity, variety -extroversion --high: drawing energy from others, sociability stability -less extroverted with age -more agreeable and conscientious -less neurotic -less open
person-situation controversy -class examples
does drinking caffeine change personality?
-negatively affected introverts
-positively affected extroverts
teachers told certain kids were bloomers (no proof of this)
-children who teacher thought were bloomers did blood
men showed picture of attractive or unattractive female prior to talking to a woman on the phone
-after the conversation they rated each other’s personalities
-for attractive, man labeled her warm, funny, humorous
–if less attractive, he did not report these things
-if he was shown more attractive picture, the woman was more poised
riot
-act differently in a riot (mob mentality)
social cognitive perspective
Bandura reciprocal influences external vs internal locus of control self-control: marshmallow study learned helplessness spotlight effect self-serving bias
Bandura
observation and imitation
-Bobo doll
reciprocal influences (reciprocal causation model)
- 3 factors
- result
reciprocal causation model
3 factors
-internal personal factors (thoughts and feelings about risky activities
-behavior (learning to rock climb)
-environmental factors (rock-climbing friends)
any one of these factors can start the process
external vs. internal locus of control
- seed of power
- interal locus
our perception of where the seed of power is
-how much we feel we can control
upper-middle class believes they have more control of life compared to lower socioeconomic status
-you will judge others based on your perception
internal locus of control
-we have the power to change our lives
-less likely to be obese, have hypertension, or be stressed
for personality development it is necessary to have a certain feeling of control
what can happen as a result of having too much of an internal locus of control
overcontrolling
overconfidence
guilt over something you couldn’t control
more likely to survive from life-threatening illness
external locus of control
force outside of ourselves controls our fate
may lose initiative
more anxiety about future
self-control
-Marshmallow study
marshmallow study
- show child a marshmallow
- tell them if they eat it now they don’t get more, but if they wait they get more
- kids who resisted the temptation had more academic and social success
learned helplessness
the dog study
-shocked dogs
–half had a way out, half didn’t
-next time the dogs were shocked
–the ones with a way out the first time looked for a way out
–the ones without an escape didn’t look for a way out
uncontrollable bad events –> perceived lack of control –> generalized helpless behavior
the spotlight effect
we think more people notice us than actually do
ex.
-girl had to wear Barry Manilow shirt
-asked to rate how many people she thought noticed her
-only 23% of the people you think will notice actually do
self-serving bias
we rate our skills and abilities higher than they actually are
you boss rarely rates your job performance higher than you do
attribution theory
- situational
- dispositional
attribution
-a conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event
situational
-we attribute the cause to external influences
-we see ourselves through this view
dispositional
-attribute the cause to the disposition (personality) of the person
-we see others through this view
fundamental attribution error
we think a behavior demonstrates a train in other
we tend to overemphasize dispositional attribution and underemphasize situational attribution
example
-took women at a college and told them to act friendly to one group and unfriendly to another
-asked students to rate her
-told students if she was told to act friendly/unfriendly
-didn’t change their rating of her
-Stanford prison
Stanford prison
created a prison in basement
-3 cells and 1 solitary confinement
security guards were made to be in position of power
prisoners blindfolded, brought to cells, and declothed
study shows that power corrupts and that people have difficulty standing up for themselves
prisoners felt shame
guards felt guilt
situations can change your behavior
remember
-we are all playing a role
-when in a role, you are more likely to adopt the behavior associated with that roll
-an evil place won over the good people
Philip Zambardo TED talk
wanted to differentiate between dispositional and situational, but instead determined that is was the system evil -ask WHAT is responsible, not WHO transformation of human character -dispositional (bad apples) -situational (bad barrel) -system (must change to affect the situation the Lucifer effect Millipede experiment - Stanley Milgram -all evil starts with 15V heroism is the antidote to evil persence of mirror increases personal accountability
actions and attitudes
easier to change thinking (attitude) than behavior (action)
if children participate in pro-social activities early in life, it is more likely they will believe that is good
when do attitudes affect our actions
external influences are minimal
the attitude is stable
the attitude is specific tot he behavior
the attitude is easily recalled
example
-attidute: I feel like skipping class
–there are no friends or teachers telling me not to
-I’ve enjoyed skipping class for quite a while
-it’s so easy to skip
-last time I skipped, I remember what I did instead
how do attitudes affect or actions
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
role playing
cognitive dissonance
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
a small request leads to a bigger one
-open door enough to pass clipboard through
-tendency to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one
example
-Patty Hearst
–kidnapped by army and asked to do small tasks
–escalated until she robbed a bank with the army
-if you agree to buy a car (in writing) at a certain price, you are more likely to buy the car if price goes up
role playing
fake it until you make it
“I’m gonna be a bad prisoner”
Heath Ledger
-was becoming disturbed by the attitudes he had adopted during his role as the Joker
arranged marriages have higher marital satisfaction than traditional
cognitive dissonance
when you say you value something but contradict it with your actions
it doesn’t feel right when our attitudes and actions are opposite
when we have this dissonance we have to resolve it
holocause
began with foot in the door -become Naxi soldier, begin to help out role playing -wear a uniform cognitive dissonance -I don't believe in hurting people, but I am
conformity
adjusting our behavior to fit with a group standard not necessarily bad also about mimicking -begin to laugh like a friend -allows us to connect with people -makes us more altruistic --more likely to help others
when is being a conformist not good
we try not to report suicides because of the contagion effect
-rates go up
responding to social norms
Asch experiment
-group asked which line lengths are similar
-actors give wrong answer
-subject eventually conforms to the wrong answer
you have to compromise to have friends
mimicry
not only do birds of a feather flock together, but if we flock together, we might choose to wear the same feathers
more likely to mimic if you don’t have a committed value that opposes the other person
more likely to mimic in a medium (3+ people) group than a large group
-answer may go unnoticed in a large group
example
-smelling ammonium
elevator experiment
-turn around in elevator
Milgram Study
assigned to teacher or learner
be able to hear learner but can’t see them
person giving instructions was wearing a white coat
2/3 go all the way
people will follow rebellion just like they follow obedience
what factors increase obedience
who gave the orders
-if we view someone as having legitimate authority, we ar emore likely to follow orders
-if from a prestigious institution
-proximity matters
when the “learner/victim” is in another room
when other participants obey and/or no one disobeys (no role model for defiance)
where is the evil
may be in the situation
prosocial relations
-altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of other people
bystander intervention
-attention (notice incident)
-appraisal (interpret incident as emergency)
-social
–ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY
-taking action
by and large people don’t help, but for those who do it’s hard to unerstand why
understanding attraction
tell the person you like that you like them and they are more likely to like you back
the more you are around them, the more they will like you
psychological disorders
patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional
deviant
deviates from the norm
how do we decide what the norm is
-as a culture we do
-homosexuality used to be considered a disorder
distressful
causes the person distress
not in every disorder
-person with an anti-social disorder
dysfunction
causes problems in functioning
- excess/reduced sleep
- over/undereat
DSM downside
labels are powerful and leave false impression
is everything pathological?
continuum
-compared to categorical
schizophrenia
-causes/onset
1 in 100 people will experience symptoms in their life typically begins in adulthood -many display signs in adolescence psychosis -refers to a mental split from reality and rationality causes/onset -women develop later than men -still looking for precursons
positive vs negative symptoms
positive -extra feelings or sensations -delusions -hallucinations negative -lack of behaviors or feelings -apathy -lack of interest
dissociative identity disorder
dissociation: separation of conscious awareness
number of identities
-around 15 identities (min 2-3)
evidence to support its exestence: brain waves, handedness (can switch dominant hands w/ different personalities)
causes
-trauma at a young age (response to fleeing physical and psychological abuse)
real
-decreased activity in hippocampus
-inability to express emotions
-upheld in courts
person has multiple personalities
begin in early childhood
begins as a response to fleeing physical or psychological abuse
bipolar disorder
causes unusual shift in a person't mood that affects their ability to function manic period -on top of the world other period -depressed usually shift between the two at 2 week intervals rapid cycling -switch between the two quickly hypomanic: "summer," high on life
Barnum effect
universal feelings that can be made true for everyone such as horoscopes and fortune cookies
