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Intro to Psychology > Intro to Psych Exam #3 > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors persisting over time and across situations

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2
Q

psychodynamic theories

  • theorists
  • what else falls in this category
A 
theorists
-Freud
-Carl Jung
-Alfred Adler
-Karen Horney
other
-projective tests
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3
Q

Freud

  • unconscious
  • free association
  • basic conflict
A

unconscious
-the part of us that is used without our awareness
free association
-no accidental behaviors - Freudian slips
basic conflict
-Id in conflict superego and ego mediates it

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4
Q

Freud

-tripartite structure of personality

A 
Id, superego, ego
-Id = unconscious, instinctual, primal desires
-superego = internalized parental/societal voice
--moral conscience
-ego = mediates id/super
--reality principle
--impulse control
like an iceberg
-superego and ego visible
-Id (largest part) below the water
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5
Q

psychosexual stages

A 
oral
-0-18 months
-pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing
anal
-18-36 months
phallic
latency
genital
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6
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective unconscious

  • took theory of unconscious and expanded it
  • -made it more important than Freud did
  • as a species we have an unconscious that gets passed on from generation to generation
  • there are universal symbols (snake symbolizes evil)
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7
Q

archetypes

A

Carl Jung

there are themes in your subconscious that you are drawn to

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8
Q

Alfred Adler

A 
feelings of inferiority
-focused on role of culture
-one of first multicultural counselors
looks at birth order
-1st = perfectionist
-2nd = rebellious
focused on pressures faced by culture
culture puts a premium on musculinity
inferiority
-start by feeling inferior
-compensate (change) our personality
-this defines us
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9
Q

Karen Horney

A

safety and love
finds that clients in the U.S. and Europe are different
culture and upbringing are more important than Freud thought
parents are first source of safety and love
-she did not have loving parents

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10
Q

relationship between Jung, Adler, and Horney

A

all talked about relationships

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11
Q

projective tests

A

given assessment and you have no idea what it’s for
test needs ambiguity
Rorschach test (what do you see in the inkblots)
-people with psychotic tendencies project things that seem abnormal

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12
Q

what evidence has updated Freud’s thoughts

-development

A

ASK

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13
Q

what evidence has updated Freud’s thoughts

-repression

A

putting a memory in an area where you don’t think about it
-common with trauma, physical/sexual abuse
can have an experience where you are “out of body”
there is evidence on both sides for whether it is real or not
Freud
-humans are highly suggestible
–do certain questions guide us to remember fake events?

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14
Q

what evidence has updated Freud’s thoughts

  • development
  • repression
  • unconscious
A

development
repression
-you can implant ideas

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15
Q

enduring aspects of Freud

A

mental processes

  • symptoms/behaviors that you have are related due to inner turmoil
  • -struggle between ID and superego
  • stable personality
  • -traits are stable throughout your life
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16
Q

humanistic theorists

A

Maslow

Rogers

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17
Q

Maslow concepts

A

hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
deficit needs

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18
Q

hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
deficit needs
how are they intertwined

A

different needs are arranged in a pyramid
needs at the base are more important than needs higher up
our personality is defined by how we deal with these needs and which needs we have met
when we have met these needs (physiological, safety, belonging, esteem) we move to self-actualization
-you are me interested in being than doing
deficit needs
-the first 4 lines of the pyramid
-if these are not met, we are uncomfortable and are driven to meet these needs
-physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

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19
Q

Rogers ideas

A

3 conditions that facilitate change
self-concept
expanded on self-actualization

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20
Q

3 conditions that facilitate change

A

genuineness (congruence)
-we need relationships in our life that dont have a facade
acceptance (unconditional positive regard)
-love without conditions
-when we experience this, we seen to do better
-Romans 5:8
empathy
-not sympathy
-when you accurately perceive someone’s feelings
-“if I were you I would be feeling ____”

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21
Q

self-concept

A 
if the above conditions are not met, our self-image is skewed
self-concept = core of personality
real self vs. ideal
-unhealthy people have these split
-healthy people have overlap
-i.e. American Idol syndrome
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22
Q

trait theories

  • examples
  • what is the purpose
A 
Allport
Eysenck
factor analysis
MMPI
the big 5
purpose
-find universal language that is empirically based about how we describe personality
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23
Q

Allport

A

first person to try and define personality
coined personality
-persona = mask/facade
personality is how we are perceived in the world
trait
-an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way
meeting with Freud: traumatic
trait theory
-what traits can we measure and do they predict behavior
-Ex. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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24
Q

Eysenck

A

Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions
-found correlation between extroversion/introversion and neuroticism and emotional stability/instability
–extraverted and stable has certain traits
focused on genetic, biological factors that affect the personality
-could extraversion be related to biological factors?
–expanded to look at the brain - areas that focus on arousal

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25
Q

factor analysis

A

identify clusters that tend to cluster together
-morning approach (class activity)
Eysenck’s ideas fall under this

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26
Q

MMPI (Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory)

A

has questions to weed out people trying to perform well/poorly
tests for personality issues
depression, psychopathic deviancy

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27
Q

the Big 5 personality factors

  • what are they
  • stability over time
A 
what are they
-conscientiousness
--high level: self-discipline, organized
--low level: scattered, less organized
-agreeableness
--high: helpful, work out conflicts
-neuroticism (emotional stability)
--high: anxious, emotionally unstable
-openness to experience
--high: like trying new things, less fundamental in faith, flexible, nonconformity, variety
-extroversion
--high: drawing energy from others, sociability
stability
-less extroverted with age
-more agreeable and conscientious
-less neurotic
-less open
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28
Q 
person-situation controversy
-class examples
A

does drinking caffeine change personality?
-negatively affected introverts
-positively affected extroverts
teachers told certain kids were bloomers (no proof of this)
-children who teacher thought were bloomers did blood
men showed picture of attractive or unattractive female prior to talking to a woman on the phone
-after the conversation they rated each other’s personalities
-for attractive, man labeled her warm, funny, humorous
–if less attractive, he did not report these things
-if he was shown more attractive picture, the woman was more poised
riot
-act differently in a riot (mob mentality)

29
Q

social cognitive perspective

A 
Bandura
reciprocal influences
external vs internal locus of control
self-control: marshmallow study
learned helplessness
spotlight effect
self-serving bias
30
Q

Bandura

A

observation and imitation

-Bobo doll

31
Q

reciprocal influences (reciprocal causation model)

  • 3 factors
  • result
A

reciprocal causation model
3 factors
-internal personal factors (thoughts and feelings about risky activities
-behavior (learning to rock climb)
-environmental factors (rock-climbing friends)
any one of these factors can start the process

32
Q

external vs. internal locus of control

  • seed of power
  • interal locus
A

our perception of where the seed of power is
-how much we feel we can control
upper-middle class believes they have more control of life compared to lower socioeconomic status
-you will judge others based on your perception
internal locus of control
-we have the power to change our lives
-less likely to be obese, have hypertension, or be stressed
for personality development it is necessary to have a certain feeling of control

33
Q

what can happen as a result of having too much of an internal locus of control

A

overcontrolling
overconfidence
guilt over something you couldn’t control
more likely to survive from life-threatening illness

34
Q

external locus of control

A

force outside of ourselves controls our fate
may lose initiative
more anxiety about future

35
Q

self-control

-Marshmallow study

A

marshmallow study

  • show child a marshmallow
  • tell them if they eat it now they don’t get more, but if they wait they get more
  • kids who resisted the temptation had more academic and social success
36
Q

learned helplessness

A

the dog study
-shocked dogs
–half had a way out, half didn’t
-next time the dogs were shocked
–the ones with a way out the first time looked for a way out
–the ones without an escape didn’t look for a way out
uncontrollable bad events –> perceived lack of control –> generalized helpless behavior

37
Q

the spotlight effect

A

we think more people notice us than actually do
ex.
-girl had to wear Barry Manilow shirt
-asked to rate how many people she thought noticed her
-only 23% of the people you think will notice actually do

38
Q

self-serving bias

A

we rate our skills and abilities higher than they actually are
you boss rarely rates your job performance higher than you do

39
Q

attribution theory

  • situational
  • dispositional
A

attribution
-a conclusion about the cause of an observed behavior/event
situational
-we attribute the cause to external influences
-we see ourselves through this view
dispositional
-attribute the cause to the disposition (personality) of the person
-we see others through this view

40
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we think a behavior demonstrates a train in other
we tend to overemphasize dispositional attribution and underemphasize situational attribution
example
-took women at a college and told them to act friendly to one group and unfriendly to another
-asked students to rate her
-told students if she was told to act friendly/unfriendly
-didn’t change their rating of her
-Stanford prison

41
Q

Stanford prison

A

created a prison in basement
-3 cells and 1 solitary confinement
security guards were made to be in position of power
prisoners blindfolded, brought to cells, and declothed
study shows that power corrupts and that people have difficulty standing up for themselves
prisoners felt shame
guards felt guilt
situations can change your behavior
remember
-we are all playing a role
-when in a role, you are more likely to adopt the behavior associated with that roll
-an evil place won over the good people

42
Q

Philip Zambardo TED talk

A 
wanted to differentiate between dispositional and situational, but instead determined that is was the system
evil
-ask WHAT is responsible, not WHO
transformation of human character
-dispositional (bad apples)
-situational (bad barrel)
-system (must change to affect the situation
the Lucifer effect
Millipede experiment - Stanley Milgram
-all evil starts with 15V
heroism is the antidote to evil
persence of mirror increases personal accountability
43
Q

actions and attitudes

A

easier to change thinking (attitude) than behavior (action)

if children participate in pro-social activities early in life, it is more likely they will believe that is good

44
Q

when do attitudes affect our actions

A

external influences are minimal
the attitude is stable
the attitude is specific tot he behavior
the attitude is easily recalled
example
-attidute: I feel like skipping class
–there are no friends or teachers telling me not to
-I’ve enjoyed skipping class for quite a while
-it’s so easy to skip
-last time I skipped, I remember what I did instead

45
Q

how do attitudes affect or actions

A

foot-in-the-door phenomenon
role playing
cognitive dissonance

46
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

a small request leads to a bigger one
-open door enough to pass clipboard through
-tendency to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one
example
-Patty Hearst
–kidnapped by army and asked to do small tasks
–escalated until she robbed a bank with the army
-if you agree to buy a car (in writing) at a certain price, you are more likely to buy the car if price goes up

47
Q

role playing

A

fake it until you make it
“I’m gonna be a bad prisoner”
Heath Ledger
-was becoming disturbed by the attitudes he had adopted during his role as the Joker
arranged marriages have higher marital satisfaction than traditional

48
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

when you say you value something but contradict it with your actions
it doesn’t feel right when our attitudes and actions are opposite
when we have this dissonance we have to resolve it

49
Q

holocause

A 
began with foot in the door
-become Naxi soldier, begin to help out
role playing
-wear a uniform
cognitive dissonance
-I don't believe in hurting people, but I am
50
Q

conformity

A 
adjusting our behavior to fit with a group standard
not necessarily bad
also about mimicking
-begin to laugh like a friend
-allows us to connect with people
-makes us more altruistic
--more likely to help others
51
Q

when is being a conformist not good

A

we try not to report suicides because of the contagion effect
-rates go up

52
Q

responding to social norms

A

Asch experiment
-group asked which line lengths are similar
-actors give wrong answer
-subject eventually conforms to the wrong answer
you have to compromise to have friends

53
Q

mimicry

A

not only do birds of a feather flock together, but if we flock together, we might choose to wear the same feathers
more likely to mimic if you don’t have a committed value that opposes the other person
more likely to mimic in a medium (3+ people) group than a large group
-answer may go unnoticed in a large group
example
-smelling ammonium
elevator experiment
-turn around in elevator

54
Q

Milgram Study

A

assigned to teacher or learner
be able to hear learner but can’t see them
person giving instructions was wearing a white coat
2/3 go all the way
people will follow rebellion just like they follow obedience

55
Q

what factors increase obedience

A

who gave the orders
-if we view someone as having legitimate authority, we ar emore likely to follow orders
-if from a prestigious institution
-proximity matters
when the “learner/victim” is in another room
when other participants obey and/or no one disobeys (no role model for defiance)

56
Q

where is the evil

A

may be in the situation

57
Q

prosocial relations

-altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of other people
bystander intervention
-attention (notice incident)
-appraisal (interpret incident as emergency)
-social
–ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY
-taking action
by and large people don’t help, but for those who do it’s hard to unerstand why

58
Q

understanding attraction

A

tell the person you like that you like them and they are more likely to like you back
the more you are around them, the more they will like you

59
Q

psychological disorders

A

patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional

60
Q

deviant

A

deviates from the norm
how do we decide what the norm is
-as a culture we do
-homosexuality used to be considered a disorder

61
Q

distressful

A

causes the person distress
not in every disorder
-person with an anti-social disorder

62
Q

dysfunction

A

causes problems in functioning

  • excess/reduced sleep
  • over/undereat
63
Q

DSM downside

A

labels are powerful and leave false impression
is everything pathological?
continuum
-compared to categorical

64
Q

schizophrenia

-causes/onset

A 
1 in 100 people will experience symptoms in their life
typically begins in adulthood
-many display signs in adolescence
psychosis
-refers to a mental split from reality and rationality
causes/onset
-women develop later than men
-still looking for precursons
65
Q

positive vs negative symptoms

A 
positive
-extra feelings or sensations
-delusions
-hallucinations
negative
-lack of behaviors or feelings
-apathy
-lack of interest
66
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

dissociation: separation of conscious awareness
number of identities
-around 15 identities (min 2-3)
evidence to support its exestence: brain waves, handedness (can switch dominant hands w/ different personalities)
causes
-trauma at a young age (response to fleeing physical and psychological abuse)
real
-decreased activity in hippocampus
-inability to express emotions
-upheld in courts
person has multiple personalities
begin in early childhood
begins as a response to fleeing physical or psychological abuse

67
Q

bipolar disorder

A 
causes unusual shift in a person't mood that affects their ability to function
manic period
-on top of the world
other period
-depressed
usually shift between the two at 2 week intervals
rapid cycling
-switch between the two quickly
hypomanic: "summer," high on life
68
Q

Barnum effect

A

universal feelings that can be made true for everyone such as horoscopes and fortune cookies

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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