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Intro to Psychology > Intro to Psych Exam #1 > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some important milestones in psychology’s early development

A

1879 in Leipzig, Germany
-Willhelm Wundt: father of psychology
–Started first lab
–1st person to study how we think, behave
–We can measure our experiences
–Studied reaction time: our experiences take time to process
Structuralism
-The structure of the mind
-There is a structure to the mind that can be studied
Introspection
-One talks about their experience
-What I feel, see, hear
-Very biased
Edward Bradford Titchener
-brought structuralism to America
-used introspection – wanted to catalogue people’s experiences
William James – shifts focus to functionalism
-the brain isn’t composed of separate parts
-it works as one to perform a function
-“the running created the fear, the fear doesn’t create the running”

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2
Q

how did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today
-forces of psychology

A

psychoanalytic
behaviorism
cognitive psychology

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3
Q

psychoanalytic

A

Freudian psychology
-unconscious thought processes
-there is an unconscious desire for death
-there are areas of the brain that influence how we think/behave
-we take in information without being aware of it
-instincts
take away
-an idea we can measure is the idea of familiarity
-our palms respond differently to emotions - sweat glands (galvanic skin test)

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4
Q

behaviorism

A

with the right set of circumstances/environment, you can make someone whoever you want to make them
behaviorists stressed the idea of psychology being a science
Watson and Skinner
-founders of behaviorism
-stresses protection and control

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5
Q

behaviorism take away

A

with the right reinforcers you can manipulate behavior
Skinner manipulated his professor
homeless man vs. businessman jaywalking

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6
Q

cognitive psychology

A

we thing of the brain as a computer system

processes codes and stores information

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7
Q

newer focuses of psychology

A

humanistic
neuropsychology
evolutionary psychology
sociocultural

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8
Q

humanistic

A

“the 4th force of psychology”
we need to learn to understand ourselves
very positive view of humanity - “we are a thought seeking people”
emphasize free will and self-actualization

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9
Q

humanistic people

A

Carl Rogers
-unconditional positive regard
–we need to be in a relationship where we are given unconditional love
Abraham Maslow
-hierarchy of needs
–we are motivated by needs
both stress need for belonging, the need for love

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10
Q

neuropsychology

A

studies the physical brain

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11
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

looks at how people have adapted to survive

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12
Q

sociocultural

A

how society/culture influences who we are

culture has determined what is acceptable for genders

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13
Q

psychology today

A

the study of behavior and mental processes

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14
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

brings together biological, psychological, and social aspects
looks like a spinning wheel
-biopsychosocial in the middle
-behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, neuroscience/biopsychology, evolutionary, sociocultural, and psychoanalytic/psychodynamic on the outside

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15
Q

nature vs nurture

A

“nurture works on what nature endows”

you can help foster something in somebody but you can’t make them something they’re not

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16
Q

natural selection

A

BOOK

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17
Q

3 levels of analysis

A

Biological influence
-natural selection
Psychological: learning expectations
Social/cultural: society expectations

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18
Q

hindsight bias

A

after we find something out we say it was obvious

  • good ideas are like good inventions; one they are created they seem obvious
  • “I knew the answer was B”
  • helps us cope with our situation
  • when we gen new information, it is easier to assimilate it into our brain like we already knew it rather than replace old information
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19
Q

judgmental overconfidence

A

we think we know more than we do

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20
Q

tendency to percieve order in random events

A

how we make sense of the world
gives us a sense of control
“karma”

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21
Q

why are science-based answers more valid than those based on intuition and common sense?
-look as hindsight bias, overconfidence, and creating patterns

A

THINK

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22
Q

how do theories advance psychological science

  • theory
  • hypothesis
  • operational definition
  • replication
A 
develop a theory
-principle that helps organize or predict behavior
develop a hypothesis
-must be testable
-operational definition
--how to make a subject testable
--finding specific, observable, testable constructs
-replicate
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23
Q

how do psychologists observe and describe behavior

  • case study
  • survey
  • population
  • random sample
  • naturalistic observations
A

case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys are all forms of descriptive research

  • case studies take 1 person, study them, and make observations to generalize to the population
  • naturalistic observation observes behavior in the natural setting
  • -systematic
  • -does not explain behavior
  • surveys look at many cases but in less depth
  • -wording effects - do a reliability test to determine effects of working
  • -must sample randomly to be able to generalize results to the population
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24
Q

positive vs. negative correlation

-why do they enable prediction but not cause and effect

A

positive
-as one goes up the other goes up
negative
-as one goes up the other goes down

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25
Q

correlation coefficient

A

how strong the correlation is between variables (positive, negative, zero)

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26
Q

scatterplot

A

looks at the strength of the correlation and the type of relationship

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27
Q

what are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect

A 
experiment
random assignment
double-blind procedure
placebo effect
experimental group
control group
independent variable
dependent variable
confounding variable
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28
Q

why are psychologists concerned with human biology

  • biological perspective
  • Phineas Gage example
A

if you don’t understand how something works you can’t understand why it doesn’t work

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29
Q

what are neurons and how do they transmit information

  • neuron
  • dendrite
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • action potential
A 
neuron
-a nerve cell
-basic building block of the nervous system
glial cells
-hold neurons together
-help insulate and perform clean-up tasks
dendrite
-look like branches
-receives information from another neuron
-push message down to the cell body
cell body
-pushes information down to the axon
axon
-propagates AP to target cell
myelin sheath
-helps to insulate the neuron
-helps send the information faster
30
Q

how do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells

A

neuron is depolarized, which sends an AP down the axon
-some messages are excitatory, some are inhibitory
neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) send information between neurons at the synapse

31
Q

how do neurotransmitters influence behavior and how do drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission

A

endorphins
-elevate mood and reduce pain
-body’s natural opiate
-linked to body’s ability to handle stress
serotonin
-mood, sleep, arousal, and appetite
-possibly helps other neurotransmitters function well
-we need amino acids (tryptophan) to stimulate serotonin
dopamine
-influences movement, learning, attention and emotion
-reward and pleasure
-linked to our ability to handle pain
-high levels of dopamine can lead to difficulty with memory and learning

32
Q

drug use and the brain

A

drugs mimic neurotransmitters

agonist: mimics
antagonist: block neurotransmitters from passing from neuron to neuron

33
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions?

  • CNS
  • PNS
  • SNS
  • ANS
  • SympNS
  • PSNS
  • reflex
A 
CNS
-integrate information from PNS
PNS
-carries information throughout body
SNS
-voluntary control
ANS
-involuntary tasks
SympNS
-arousal
-climax of sexual arousal
PSNS
-calms
-initiates sexual functioning
reflex
-body reacts without conscious action to a stimulus
34
Q

how does the endocrine system transmit its information and interact with the nervous system

  • hormones
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
A

hormones
-can have a delayed response
hypothalamus
-brain region controlling the pituitary gland
-secretes hormones
pituitary gland
-secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands

35
Q 
how do neuroscientists study the brain's connections to behavior and mind
-lesion
-electroencephalogram (EEG)
-positron emission tomography (PET)
-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
fMRI (functional MRI)
A

lesion
-BOOK
EEG
-measures brainwaves
-used to determine if someone is brain dead
-people with ADHD
–more likely to have theta waves
—waves you have right before entering deep sleep
–there’s an underactivity in the frontal lobe (helps us plan and focus)

36
Q

PET scan

A

looks at brain activity

  • glucose, blood flow, and oxygen uptake
  • blood flow increase will occur to areas of the brain we are using
37
Q

MRI

A

gives us a picture of our brain in terms of white matter and grey matter
lets us know places that are under/overdeveloped
can see that people with schizophrenia have an enlarged space in the brain

38
Q

functional MRI

A

reveals brain activity and function rather than structures
successive MRI pictures that lets us see the changes in your brain as you do something
case study
-can our thoughts and experiences change our thoughts on pleasure

39
Q

functions of important lower-level brain structures

  • brainstem
  • thalamus
  • cerebellum
A 
brainstem
-medulla
--controls HR and breathing
-pons
--"bridge"
--coordinates involuntary movement (posture, swallowing, blinking)
-reticular formation
--helps regulate alertness/drowsiness
--possibly connected to symptoms of ADHD
-thalamus
thalamus
-sensory switchboard
-every sense (except for smell) comes through here and goes to other sections of the brain
cerebellum
-"little brain"
-helps coordinate voluntary movement
--injury can lead to difficulty walking, balance problems
--may be linked to autism
40
Q

limbic system’s structures and functions

  • limbic system
  • amygdala
  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus
A

limbic (border) system

  • manages emotions
  • connects thought to body
  • -border between brain stem and cortex
  • represents 20% of brain
  • coordinates motivations, basic drives, memories
  • can also be called the “social reading cue system”
41
Q

amygdala function

A

deals with strong emotions
-lets us know if something is dangerous
sends information to prefrontal cortex for interpretation
if amygdala is stimulated we feel self-protection, fear
more active when talking to stranger than someone we trust
triggers adrenal gland to release adrenaline

42
Q

hypothalamus function

A

master control center of hormones
-controls internal state of body
maintenance and reward
-could be linked to addiction

43
Q

hippocampus function

A

processes memories
neurogenesis
-we continually shape and change our hippocampus
affects stress hormones
-stress hormones make it difficult to learn
-stress hormones also destroy brain cells in hippocampus

44
Q

cerebral cortex regions

A 
cerebral cortex
glial cells (glia)
frontal lobes
parietal lobes
occipital lobes
temporal lobes
motor cortex
sensory cortex
45
Q

cerebral cortex function

A

integrates information
body’s ultimate control and information processing system
makes up 85% of total brain weight

46
Q

glial cells

A

help insulate and perform cleanup functions

hold neurons together

47
Q

frontal lobes

A

executive functions
-judgement, planning, impulse control, self-control
involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
integrates information from other ares of the brain
motor cortex
decreased activation in persons with schizophrenia

48
Q

parietal lobes function

A

include the sensory cortex
allows us to integrate bodily sensations
-awareness of limbs
language abilities
performing spatial and mathematical reasoning
-we can know when someone is thinking about numbers because of activation
-rotate box in space - engineers used parietal lobe
Touch and body position

49
Q

occipital lobes functions

A

include the visual areas
receive visual information from the opposite visual field
-thalamus may be connected
visual agnosia
-you can see but you have trouble integrating parts to make a whole

50
Q

temporal lobes functions

A 
include the auditory processing areas
enables us to recognize faces
hearing and speaking coherently
understanding verbal information
prosopagnosia
-can't recognize faces
51
Q

motor cortex

A

rear of frontal lobes

controls voluntary muscle movements from the opposite side of the body

52
Q

sensory cortex

A

receives information on touch, temperature, pain, etc.

53
Q

to what extent can a damaged brain reorganize itself

  • plasticity
  • neurogenesis
A

our brain can change - we can generate new neurons
constraint-induced therapy
-make someone else do a task by doing it for them
–move someone’s hand in the hope of rebuilding neurons
reassignment of function
-persons who are blind, deaf, etc. reassign that part of their brain to help other areas
neurogenesis
-can replace old neurons with new ones
-we continually shape and change our hippocampus

54
Q

corpus callosum function

A

connects hemispheres
when severed people were no longer able to connect info from one side of the brain to the other
lateralization does not happen if severed
HE—–ART
-they will say they saw art, but they will point to he if asked what they saw

55
Q

hemispheres

A

right hemisphere dominates first 3 years of life
left begins to take effect after this
-partly due to learning thinking

56
Q

what do split brains reveal about the functions of our two brain hemispheres

A

BOOK

57
Q

what is the “dual processing” being revealed by today’s cognitive neuroscience

  • consciousness
  • blindsight
A

conscious “high” track makes conscious decisions - thinking

unconscious “low” track takes information we are not aware of

58
Q

consciousness

A

ability to act

our awareness of ourselves and the environment

59
Q

blindsight

A

a person believes they are no longer able to see
however, they don’t have full damage to their occipital lobe
the person will move so they don’t walk or run into something

60
Q

selective inattention

A

what we are not focused on, we do not notice

61
Q

inattentional blindness

A

don’t notice gorilla bosed on what you are focusing on

62
Q

change blindness

A

don’t realize person is switched

63
Q

choice blindness

A

determine favorite of two jams, ask if they want more of the favorite, give them the other one and they will not notice
your brain will adapt to whatever you are given

64
Q

how do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning

A

circadian rhythm
-refers to the body’s natural 24-hour cycle
body temperature rises when waking, dips in the afternoon, and dips at night before bed
pineal gland releases melatonin to signal that it is time for sleep
-optic nerve signals the release of melatonin from the pineal gland
sleep meds reduce restorative sleep

65
Q

what is the biological rhythm of our sleep and dreaming stages

A 
NREM 1
-starting to go to sleep
-theta waves - quick waves
-20 minutes
NREM-2
-sleep spindles - rapid movement in brain activity
-sleep talking most often occurs here
NREM-3
-slow wave sleep
-lasts 30 minutes
-hard to wake up
NREM-4
-similar waves to NREM-3
-where you sleepwalk
-important for growth and metabolism
--growth hormones increase
REM sleep
-HR rises and breathing becomes rapid
-eye movements let us know you are starting to dream
sleep paralysis because motor cortex is blocked
paradoxical sleep
-the brain is active but the body is immobile
66
Q

alpha waves
sleep
halluciantions
delta waves

A

BOOK

67
Q

functions of sleep

A

BOOK

68
Q

what do we dream

A

BOOK

69
Q

what are the functions of dreams (REM rebound)

A

BOOK

70
Q

how does sleep loss affect us and what are the major sleep disorders

  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
  • sleep apnea
  • night terrors
A

BOOK

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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