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Bussiness Studies > Intro to Psych 2 Wk12 > Flashcards

Intro to Psych 2 Wk12 Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is the primary purpose of attention?

A

To focus on specific information while filtering out less important details, preventing cognitive overload.

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2
Q

What metaphor best describes basic attention?

A

A spotlight that highlights certain information while leaving other information in darkness.

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3
Q

What are the 4 key principles of the Scientist-Practitioner Model?

A
  1. Integration of Research and Practice
  2. Critical Evaluation and Application
  3. Continual Learning
  4. Ethical and Effective Interventions
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4
Q

Define Piaget’s key developmental concepts

A

Object Permanence: Understanding objects exist even when not seen

Develops around 8-12 months
E.G: Realizing a toy still exists when hidden under a blanket

Conservation: Recognizing quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance

Develops around 7-11 years
E.G: Understanding the same amount of water is in a tall or short glass

Egocentrism: Inability to view situations from others’ perspectives

Most prominent in preoperational stage (2-7 years)
E.G: A child hiding by covering their eyes, thinking if they can’t see others, others can’t see them

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5
Q

What are Erikson’s 8 stages of human development?

A

Infancy: Trust vs. Mistrust
Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Early Childhood: Initiative vs. Guilt
Middle Childhood: Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Aging: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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6
Q

Explain Triadic Reciprocal Determinism

A

An interaction between three factors:

Behavior (B): Individual’s actions and responses

Personal Factors (P): Cognitive, affective, and biological events

Environmental Factors (E): External aspects like social interactions and cultural norms

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7
Q

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

A

Preconventional Morality:
-Based on self-interest
-Avoiding punishment
-Typical in young children

Conventional Morality:
-Based on social norms
-Fulfilling duties
-Common in older children and adults

Postconventional Morality:
-Based on abstract principles
-Universal ethics
-Developed by some adults

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8
Q

What is Health Psychology?

A

Understanding psychological influences on:
- How people stay healthy
- Why people become ill
- How people respond to and cope with illness

Focuses on:
- Psychological reasons for illness
- Behavior change
- Impact of psychological processes on physical health

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9
Q

List and explain coping strategies

A

Reappraisal: Changing interpretation of a stressful situation

Acceptance: Acknowledging a situation cannot be changed

Distraction: Diverting attention from the stressor

Rumination: Repetitive negative thoughts about the stressor

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10
Q

What are the two types of appraisal?

A

Primary Appraisal:
- Evaluates the relevance and nature of an event
- Determines if it’s positive or negative

Secondary Appraisal:
- Focuses on coping abilities and methods
Assesses available resources to handle the situation

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11
Q

What are the three major phases of organizational change?

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Implementation
  3. Follow through
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12
Q

What are potential causes of organizational change?

A
  1. External environmental conditions
  2. Internal conditions (e.g., leadership changes, key personnel retirement)
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13
Q

What issues did the HR manager identify in the case study?

A
  1. Poor relationships between doctors and nurses
  2. Low morale among nursing staff
  3. Increased sick days
  4. Cynicism and negativity
  5. Difficulty in collaboration
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14
Q

List the five primary sensory organs

A
  1. Touch (Tactile)
  2. Sight (Visual)
  3. Smell (Olfactory)
  4. Hearing (Auditory)
  5. Taste (Gustation)
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15
Q

What additional body senses exist beyond the five primary senses?

A
  1. Vestibular system (balance)
  2. Proprioception (body position awareness)
  3. Thermoception (temperature sense)
  4. Interoception
  5. Nociception (pain)
  6. Chronoception (time passage)
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16
Q

What is transduction in neuroscience?

A

The process of converting sensory stimuli into neural impulses

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17
Q

What are the three components of the original multistore memory model?

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short-term memory (STM)
  3. Long-term memory (LTM)
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18
Q

What are the types of memory?

A
  1. Autobiographical (Episodic) Memory: 2. Personal experiences
  2. Semantic Memory: General knowledge
  3. Prospective Memory: Remembering future tasks
  4. Procedural Memory: Skill-based memory
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19
Q

Characteristics of Short-Term Memory

A
  • Held in verbal/speech format
  • Lasts 20-30 seconds without rehearsal
  • Capacity: 7 ± 2 items
  • Requires active maintenance through rehearsal
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20
Q

What is neuropsychology?

A

The field that treats mental, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of brain disorders due to illness or brain injury

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21
Q

Define two unique neurological conditions

A

Apperceptive agnosia: Inability to recognize objects despite being able to see

Alien hand syndrome: Condition where limbs act seemingly independently without conscious control

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22
Q

What percentage of the brain’s cortex is involved in visual processing?

A

50%

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23
Q

What is stereopsis?

A

The perception of depth produced by combining visual stimuli from both eyes, helping overcome the blind spot

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24
Q

What is triangulation in research?

A

Using multiple methods to:

  1. Cross-check data
  2. Reduce bias
  3. Increase result reliability
  4. Capture different aspects of a phenomenon
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25
Q

What are potential research methods in organizational psychology?

A
  • Staff surveys
  • Interviews
  • Direct observation of staff
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26
Q

What is role uncertainty?

A

When employees lack clarity about their job position, leading to confusion about responsibilities and objectives

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27
Q

Define role conflict

A

When employees face conflicting demands from different sources, causing psychological stress as they struggle to meet all expectations

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28
Q

What causes role stress in organizations?

A
  1. Poor communication
  2. Organizational changes
  3. Contradictory instructions
  4. Tasks conflicting with professional values
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29
Q

What are the two main types of photoreceptors?

A
  1. Rods (120 million): Better in low light
  2. Cones (6 million): Color perception and detail
30
Q

What is the Young-Helmholtz theory?

A

Explains color vision through three types of cone cells responding to different light wavelengths, also explains color blindness

31
Q

What are visual receptive fields?

A

“Hotspots” in the visual field that trigger neuron activation

Two main types:
On-centre: Most active when centre is lit
Off-centre: Most active when centre is dark

32
Q

How does the cochlear process sound?

A
  • Sound waves travel from basal to apical end of basilar membrane
  • High-frequency sounds vibrate at the stiffer, narrow end
  • Low-frequency sounds vibrate at the wider, softer end
33
Q

How are sound waves converted to neural signals?

A
  • Hair cells in the cochlear bend
  • Neurotransmitters (likely glutamate) are released
  • Nerve impulses generated in sensory neurons
  • Impulses travel along cochlear nerve branch
34
Q

What is reconstructive memory?

A

Memory is not an exact reproduction but a reconstruction influenced by:

  • Emotions
  • Context
  • Personal meaning
  • Potential for creating false memories
35
Q

Characteristics of Frontal Damage Amnesia

A
  1. Source amnesia: Difficulty remembering how/where information was acquired
  2. Confabulation: Creating false memories unintentionally
  3. Anosognosia: Lack of awareness about memory deficit
36
Q

What is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott effect?

A

A memory phenomenon where people tend to falsely remember words that are associated with but not actually presented in a list

37
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

Vivid and detailed memories associated with emotionally charged events, though not necessarily completely accurate over time

38
Q

What did H.M.’s case teach us about memory?

A
  • Hippocampus is crucial for forming new long-term memories
  • Short-term memory can remain intact
  • Early memories remain accessible
  • Inability to create new long-term memories post-surgery
39
Q

What brain structures are related to memory?

A
  1. Neocortex
  2. Limbic system
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Thalamus
  5. Prefrontal cortex
40
Q

What unusual senses do humans have beyond the five traditional senses?

A
  1. Magnetoreception (sensing magnetic fields)
  2. Chronoception (sensing passage of time)
  3. Interoception (sensing internal body processes)
  4. Proprioception (body position awareness)
41
Q

What is six degrees of freedom?

A

The ability to move in all three-dimensional directions:

Translation:
Forward/backward (x-axis)
Left/right (y-axis)
Up/down (z-axis)

Rotation:
Roll (x-axis rotation)
Pitch (y-axis rotation)
Yaw (z-axis rotation)

42
Q

What is spatial resolution in vision?

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can still be distinguished from one another

43
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum of visible light?

A

Wavelength range: 400 to 700 nm
Part of a broader spectrum including:

Gamma rays (shortest wavelengths)
X-rays
UV rays
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves (longest wavelengths)

44
Q

What is the chunking effect in memory?

A

A process where individual pieces of information are grouped into larger, more manageable units to improve memory retention

45
Q

What are the levels of processing in memory encoding?

A

Shallow processing: Visual or phonological

Deep processing: Semantic (most effective for memory retention

46
Q

What makes research methods reliable?

A
  1. Using multiple data collection methods
  2. Cross-checking findings
  3. Reducing individual method biases
  4. Capturing different aspects of a phenomenon
47
Q

What psychological research methods exist?

A
  1. Staff surveys
  2. Interviews
  3. Direct observation
  4. Neuropsychological case studies
  5. Experimental manipulations
48
Q

What is anosognosia?

A

A condition where a person lacks awareness or concern about their own neurological deficit

49
Q

What happens in source amnesia?

A

Difficulty remembering how and where specific information was originally acquired

50
Q

How do mechanical deformations become neural signals?

A
  • Mechanical stimuli trigger receptor deformation
  • Transduction converts physical stimulus to neural signal
  • Neural signal transformed into action potential (spike)
  • Spike transmitted to central nervous system
51
Q

How do different photoreceptors function?

A

Rods:

120 million
Excellent in low light
Multiple rods converge to one neuron
Lower resolution, higher light sensitivity

Cones:

6 million
Color perception
One or two cones per ganglion cell
High resolution
Better in bright light

52
Q

What does umami mean?

A

Savoury (in taste)

53
Q

How many items can Short-Term Memory typically hold?

A

7 ± 2 items (5 to 9 items)

54
Q

How many rods are in the human eye?

A

Approximately 120 million

55
Q

How many cones are in the human eye?

A

Approximately 6 million

56
Q

What unusual sense can humans potentially detect?

A

Magnetoreception (sensing magnetic fields)

57
Q

What converts sensory stimuli to neural impulses?

A

Transduction

58
Q

What sense is located in the inner ear?

A

Vestibular (balance)

59
Q

What is cynicism?

A

An inclination to believe people are motivated purely by self-interest

60
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Awareness of body position

61
Q

What is nociception?

A

The sense of pain

62
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Creating false memories without intending to deceive, often associated with frontal lobe damage

63
Q

What is the vestibular system responsible for?

A

Balance (equilibrioception)
Detecting head movements
Helping maintain orientation relative to gravity

64
Q

What is thermoception?

A

The sense of temperature or how hot or cold we are

65
Q

Give an example of autobiographical memory

A

Remembering what you did during your last summer holiday

66
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General knowledge not tied to personal experiences, like knowing facts about fictional characters or historical information

67
Q

What is chronoception?

A

The sense of passage of time

68
Q

What is interoception?

A

Sensing internal body processes like hunger, thirst, or internal organ functioning

69
Q
A
70
Q
A

Bussiness Studies (9 decks)

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