Intro to Psych Flashcards
Means soul; represented as a butterfly
Psyche
Scientific study of the mind and behavior
Psychology
Life (Psychology)
Psyche
Explanation (Psychology)
Logos
Importance CT
Hones critical thinking skills
Importance CS
develop communication skills
Find solutions to specific personal or social problems
Applied research
Evaluate problems - anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests; help clients resolve problems and change
Clinical psychologist
Clients usually have adjustment problems but not serious psychological disorders
Counseling psychologists
Identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with learning
School psychologists
Focus on course planning and instructional methods for a school system rather than individual children
Educational psychologists
Sort out influences of heredity and the environment on development
Developmental psychologists
Determines influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior; concerned with issues - anxiety, aggression, sexual orientation, and gender roles
Personality psychologists
Tend to focus on social influences on behavior
Social psychologists
Study how environment and people interact with and influence each other
Environmental psychologists
Specialize - nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion
Experimental psychologists
Apply psychology to criminal justice system
Forensic psychologists
Help athletes concentrate on performance
Sport psychologists
Study effects of stress on health problems - headaches, cardiovascular disease, and cancer; guide clients to healthier routines
Health psychologists
Human behavior in organizations and the work place
Industrial-organizational psychologists
Scientific methods to create knowledge about causes of behavior
Research psychologists
Human behavior is subject to rules and laws
Aristotle
Think of behavior in terms of body and mind; behavior is influenced by external stimulus (person)
Democritus
Suggested introspection
Socrates
Careful examination of one’s own thoughts and emotions
Introspection
Mind: sensations, feelings, images = experience; mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience
Structuralism
Who follows structuralism and helped establish experimental psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
How experience helps us function more adaptively in our environment; behavior was driven by a number of instinct which aid survival; proposes that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained
Functionalism
Who follows functionalism and was influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?
William James
Study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses
Behaviorism
Founder of American behaviorism
John B. Watson
Believe that organism behave in ways because they have been reinforced
BF Skinner
Stimulus that follows a response and increases frequency of response
Reinforcement
Organize perceptions into wholes and integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns; whole experience grater than studying individual parts
Gestalt Psychology
Founders of gestalt psychology
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler
Stimulus is perceived by humans in its “most simple form”
Law of simplicity
Based on immediacy
Proximity
Similar to each other
Similarity
Object is incomplete
Closure
Differentiation of object from surrounding area
Figure & Ground
Focus on unconscious mind, dreams, and role of early childhood experiences in shaping behavior
Psychoanalysis
Coined “penis envy;” and fascinated by patients suffering from hysteria and neurosis
Sigmund Freud
Emphasizes potential for good that is innate to all humans
Humanism
Proposed hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior - needs met = motivate behavior
Abraham Maslow
Used client-centered therapy in helping clients deal with problematic issues resulting in them seeking psychotherapy
Carl Rogers
Patient takes lead role in therapy session; 3 features for effectiveness of practice: unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy
Client-centered therapy
Therapists accept client for who they are
Unconditional postive regard
Influenced by all historical perspectives in psychology
Contemporary psychology
Emphasis on the effect of social expectations and context on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to research and practice in psychology
Feminist psychology
Coined “womb envy;” and argued that psychology is male-centered
Karen Horney
Propose young girls feel deprived and envious of not having a penis
Penis envy
