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psych 1000 > Intro to Psych > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Flashcards

first 3 chapters

1
Q

define empirical methods

A

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

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2
Q

define ethics

A

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research.

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3
Q

define hypotheses

A

a logical idea that can be tested

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4
Q

define systematic observation

A

The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

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5
Q

theories

A

groups of closely related phenomena or observations

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6
Q

define science

A

an approach to inquiry that is tied to actual measurement and observation

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7
Q

what are the necessary steps to science

A

hypothesis, observation, theory

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8
Q

define psychological science

A

A branch of science dealing with the mental processes and behavior of individuals.

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9
Q

what is the core of science

A

systematic observation

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10
Q

what does observation lead to

A

testable hypotheses

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11
Q

science is _________ and __________

A

democratic; cumulative

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12
Q

what are the 5 highlights of the code of ethics

A

informed consent; confidentiality; privacy; benefits; deception/debried

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13
Q

define anecdotal evidence

A

A piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct.

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14
Q

define causality

A

the determination that one variable causes/is responsible for an effect

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15
Q

define correlation

A

the measure of relatedness of 2+ variables

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16
Q

define deductive reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a given premise determines the interpretation of specific observations

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17
Q

define distribution

A

the relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable

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18
Q

define empirical

A

concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim

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19
Q

define fact

A

objective information about the world

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20
Q

define falsify

A

the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted

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21
Q

define generalize

A

the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

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22
Q

define induction

A

to draw general conclusions from specific observations

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23
Q

define inductive reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations

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24
Q

define population

A

all of the people belonging to a particular group

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25
define probability
a measure of the degree of certainty of the occurrence of an event
26
define pseudoscience
beliefs or practices that are presented as being scientific or which are mistaken for being scientific but are not scientific
27
define representative
the degree to which a sample is a typical example of the population from which its drawn
28
define sample
a number of people selected from a population to serve as an example of that population
29
define scientific theory
an explanation for observed phenomena that is empirically well supported, consistent, and fruitful
30
define fruitful
the usefulness of the theory in guiding new research by predicting new, testable relationships
31
type 1 error
the rejection of the null hypothesis when its true (aka false positive)
32
type 2 error
the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when its false (aka false negative)
33
what are the 5 commonly cited features of scientific theories and data
accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, fruitfulness
34
define accuracy
explanations and theories match real-world observations
35
define consistency
a theory has few exceptions and shows agreement with other theories within and across disciplines
36
define scope
the extent to which a theory extends beyond currently available data, explaining a wide array of phenomena
37
define simplicity
if multiple explanations are equally good at explaining the data, the simplest should be selected
38
who was karl popper
argued against statements that couldn't be falsified
39
what are characteristics of scientific reasoning and theory
hypotheses, samples, inductive reasoning
40
define confounds
factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment
41
define experimenter expectations
when the expectations of the experimenter influence the outcome of a study
42
define longitudinal study
a study that follows the same group of individuals over time
43
define participant demand
when participants behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave
44
define placebo effect
when receiving special treatment it affects human behavior
45
define quasi experimental design
an experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions (uses pre-existing groups)
46
define random assignment
assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance
47
Elizabeth Dunn's experiment
$20 spent on themselves vs others and happiness
48
explain the R values in correlation
ranges from -1 to 1, the closer the absolute value of R is to 1 the stronger the correlation. when r=0 there is no correlation
49
what was Sigmund Freud famous for
qualitative research
50
what are the types of qualitative research
participant observation, case studies, narrative analysis
51
define survey
a way of gathering information using questionnaires or the internet
52
define ambulatory assessment
an overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings
53
define daily diary method
methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of each day of the study
54
define day reconstruction method (DRM)
a methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day
55
define ecological momentary assessment
An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants’ real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time.
56
define ecological validity
The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.
57
define electronically activated recorder (EAR)
A methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them.
58
define experience sampling method
A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day.
59
define external validity
the degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings
60
define full-cycle psychology
A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.
61
internal validity
the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between 2 variables has been unambiguously established
62
linguistic inquiry and word count
a quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies
63
lived day analysis
a methodology where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to objectively document a person's daily life as it is lived
64
white coat hypertension
a phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor's office but not in their everyday lives

psych 1000 (4 decks)

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