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psych 1000 > Intro to Psych > Flashcards

Intro to Psych Flashcards

first 3 chapters

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1
Q

define empirical methods

A

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

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2
Q

define ethics

A

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research.

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3
Q

define hypotheses

A

a logical idea that can be tested

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4
Q

define systematic observation

A

The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

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5
Q

theories

A

groups of closely related phenomena or observations

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6
Q

define science

A

an approach to inquiry that is tied to actual measurement and observation

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7
Q

what are the necessary steps to science

A

hypothesis, observation, theory

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8
Q

define psychological science

A

A branch of science dealing with the mental processes and behavior of individuals.

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9
Q

what is the core of science

A

systematic observation

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10
Q

what does observation lead to

A

testable hypotheses

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11
Q

science is _________ and __________

A

democratic; cumulative

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12
Q

what are the 5 highlights of the code of ethics

A

informed consent; confidentiality; privacy; benefits; deception/debried

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13
Q

define anecdotal evidence

A

A piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct.

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14
Q

define causality

A

the determination that one variable causes/is responsible for an effect

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15
Q

define correlation

A

the measure of relatedness of 2+ variables

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16
Q

define deductive reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a given premise determines the interpretation of specific observations

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17
Q

define distribution

A

the relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable

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18
Q

define empirical

A

concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim

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19
Q

define fact

A

objective information about the world

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20
Q

define falsify

A

the ability of a claim to be tested and possibly refuted

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21
Q

define generalize

A

the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

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22
Q

define induction

A

to draw general conclusions from specific observations

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23
Q

define inductive reasoning

A

A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations

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24
Q

define population

A

all of the people belonging to a particular group

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25
Q

define probability

A

a measure of the degree of certainty of the occurrence of an event

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26
Q

define pseudoscience

A

beliefs or practices that are presented as being scientific or which are mistaken for being scientific but are not scientific

27
Q

define representative

A

the degree to which a sample is a typical example of the population from which its drawn

28
Q

define sample

A

a number of people selected from a population to serve as an example of that population

29
Q

define scientific theory

A

an explanation for observed phenomena that is empirically well supported, consistent, and fruitful

30
Q

define fruitful

A

the usefulness of the theory in guiding new research by predicting new, testable relationships

31
Q

type 1 error

A

the rejection of the null hypothesis when its true
(aka false positive)

32
Q

type 2 error

A

the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when its false
(aka false negative)

33
Q

what are the 5 commonly cited features of scientific theories and data

A

accuracy, consistency, scope, simplicity, fruitfulness

34
Q

define accuracy

A

explanations and theories match real-world observations

35
Q

define consistency

A

a theory has few exceptions and shows agreement with other theories within and across disciplines

36
Q

define scope

A

the extent to which a theory extends beyond currently available data, explaining a wide array of phenomena

37
Q

define simplicity

A

if multiple explanations are equally good at explaining the data, the simplest should be selected

38
Q

who was karl popper

A

argued against statements that couldn’t be falsified

39
Q

what are characteristics of scientific reasoning and theory

A

hypotheses, samples, inductive reasoning

40
Q

define confounds

A

factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment

41
Q

define experimenter expectations

A

when the expectations of the experimenter influence the outcome of a study

42
Q

define longitudinal study

A

a study that follows the same group of individuals over time

43
Q

define participant demand

A

when participants behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave

44
Q

define placebo effect

A

when receiving special treatment it affects human behavior

45
Q

define quasi experimental design

A

an experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions (uses pre-existing groups)

46
Q

define random assignment

A

assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance

47
Q

Elizabeth Dunn’s experiment

A

$20 spent on themselves vs others and happiness

48
Q

explain the R values in correlation

A

ranges from -1 to 1, the closer the absolute value of R is to 1 the stronger the correlation. when r=0 there is no correlation

49
Q

what was Sigmund Freud famous for

A

qualitative research

50
Q

what are the types of qualitative research

A

participant observation, case studies, narrative analysis

51
Q

define survey

A

a way of gathering information using questionnaires or the internet

52
Q

define ambulatory assessment

A

an overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings

53
Q

define daily diary method

A

methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of each day of the study

54
Q

define day reconstruction method (DRM)

A

a methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day

55
Q

define ecological momentary assessment

A

An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants’ real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time.

56
Q

define ecological validity

A

The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.

57
Q

define electronically activated recorder (EAR)

A

A methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them.

58
Q

define experience sampling method

A

A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day.

59
Q

define external validity

A

the degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings

60
Q

define full-cycle psychology

A

A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, and return to field research to corroborate their experimental findings.

61
Q

internal validity

A

the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between 2 variables has been unambiguously established

62
Q

linguistic inquiry and word count

A

a quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies

63
Q

lived day analysis

A

a methodology where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to objectively document a person’s daily life as it is lived

64
Q

white coat hypertension

A

a phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor’s office but not in their everyday lives

psych 1000 (4 decks)

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