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biology Flashcards

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1
Q

define central nervous system (CNS)

A

the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord; encased in bone

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2
Q

define action potential

A

an all or nothing electrical current conducted down the axon when the membrane potential reaches the threshold of excitation

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3
Q

define axon

A

part of the neuron extending off the soma, splitting many times to connect with other neurons

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4
Q

define brain stem

A

the trunk of the brain

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5
Q

what are the 4 main parts of the brain stem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon

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6
Q

define broca’s area

A

area in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere implicated in language production

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7
Q

define cerebellum

A

the distinctive structure at the back of the brain (small brain)

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8
Q

define cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain, typically referring to the cerebral cortex and associated white matter

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9
Q

define contralateral

A

the 2 hemispheres of the brain process sensory information and motor commands for the opposite side of the body

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10
Q

define corpus callosum

A

thick bundle of nerve cells that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and allow them to communicate

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11
Q

define dendrites

A

part of a neuron that extends away from the cell body, and is the main receiving input of the neuron

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12
Q

define diffuse optical imaging (DOI)

A

a neuroimaging technique that infers brain activity by measuring changes in light as it passes through the skull and surface of the brain

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13
Q

define electroencephalography (EEG)

A

a neuroimaging technique that measures electrical brain activity via multiple electrodes on the scalp

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14
Q

define frontal lobe

A

the front most part of the cerebrum responsible for motor output and planning, language, judgment, and decision making

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15
Q

define functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a neuroimaging technique that infers brain activity by measuring changes in oxygen levels in the blood

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16
Q

define limbic system

A

includes the subcortical structures of the amygdala and hippocampal formation as well as some cortical structures; responsible for aversion and gratification

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17
Q

define myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue insulating the axons of the neurons, that is necessary for normal conduction of electrical impulses among neurons

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18
Q

define nervous system

A

the body’s network for electrochemical communication including all of the nerve cells in the body

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19
Q

define neuron

A

an individual brain cell

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20
Q

define neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances released by the presynaptic terminal button that acts on the postsynaptic cell

21
Q

define occipital lobe

A

the back most part of the cerebrum, responsible for vision

22
Q

define parietal lobe

A

the part of the cerebrum between the frontal and occipital lobes; responsible for bodily sensations, visual attention, and integrating the senses

23
Q

define peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all of the nerve cells connecting the central nervous system to all the other parts of the body

24
Q

define positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting the presence of a radioactive substance in the brain initially injected into the bloodstream and then pulled in by active brain tissue

25
Q

define soma

A

the cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus and genetic information, directs protein synthesis

26
Q

define spatial resolution

A

a term that refers to how small the elements of an image are; high spatial resolution means the device can resolve very small elements; describes how small of a structure in the brain can be imaged

27
Q

define split brain patient

A

patient who has had most or all of their corpus callosum severed

28
Q

define synapse

A

the junction between the presynaptic terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another postsynaptic neuron

29
Q

define synaptic gap

A

the space between the presynaptic terminal button and the postsynaptic dendritic spine

30
Q

define temporal lobe

A

the part of the cerebrum in front of the occipital lobe involved in vision, auditory processing, memory, and integrating vision and audition

31
Q

define temporal resolution

A

a term referring to how small a unit of time can be measured, describing how precisely in time a process can be measured in the brain (high temporal resolution means capable of resolving very small units of time)

32
Q

define nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath surrounding the axon

33
Q

what structure controls basic life support functions

A

brain stem

34
Q

what structure regulates our emotions

A

limbic system

35
Q

what structure controls movement and posture and some thinking

A

cerebellum

36
Q

what structures do not need conscious awareness

A

cerebellum and brain stem

37
Q

what structure is associated the most with voluntary control and awareness

A

cerebrum

38
Q

where are sounds and smells processed

A

temporal lobe

39
Q

where are touch and taste processed

A

parietal lobe

40
Q

what lobe controls behavior motor plans and complex processes like speech and language, problem solving, planning, and organization

A

frontal lobe

41
Q

define somatic nervous system

A

part of the PNS controlling senses and voluntary muscle movements (made up of spinal and cranial nerves)

42
Q

define autonomic nervous system

A

made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

43
Q

define parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary movements and visceral organs

44
Q

what imagining techniques have poor temporal resolution

A

PET and fMRI

45
Q

what imaging technique has poor spatial resolution

A

EEG

46
Q

which imaging technique has high temporal and spatial resolution

A

DOI

47
Q

define basal ganglia

A

part of limbic cortex; primarily responsible for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

48
Q

define cingulate gyrus

A

part of limbic system; regulating emotions and pain

psych 1000 (4 decks)

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