intro to PM Flashcards
what is the aim of molecular profiling
to define people such that we can identify diagnostic and prognostic indicators and allow us to predict how prognosis will change and an appropriate treatment strategy
what is pharmacogenetics
single variant being associated or having an effect on a drug
Genetic influence on drug efficacy and adverse reactions
Typically relating to a single variant
what is pharmacogenomics
how the entire genome and multiple variants come together to affect the activity of a drug in the body.
Interaction between drugs and the genome
Typically more Complex relating to multiple genes and their variants
define personalised medicine
coupling established clinical-pathological indices with state-of-the-art molecular profiling to create diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies precisely tailored to each patient’s requirements
currently used clinical pathological markers include:
X-ray : Opacity, Leuncency, Size & Location
Biochemistry – Generic tests : FBCs, U&Es, Acute phase proteins
Presentation – Symptoms : cough, dizziness, pain, weakness
History : Family history, previous illness, Age, Gender
clinical measures by which we can group responders and non-responders include
- presence of a gene variant
- gene expression
- protein marker
- biochemical marker
what is pharmacokinetics
movement of drugs through the body Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
pharmacodynamics
drug – target interactions, the effect on the body
how much on average does it cost to approve a drug
£1.15bn, from research to license
how long does it take on average ]to approve a drug
12 years
how much does NHS spend on medicines and diagnostics per year
rising to £20 billion on medicines
£10 billion of diagnostics
How is Technology is driving change in our approach to treatment?
- Ability to differentiate disease and define subtypes
- Stratify patients and treat as individuals
- Provides molecular markers defining the efficacy and safety of a drug
what is gene expression analysis
- different subsets expressed in different cell types
- A particular cell type in a changed condition will alter its expressed genes
- knowing which gene subset is expressed/expected tells us whats going on in the cell