intro to PM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the aim of molecular profiling

A

to define people such that we can identify diagnostic and prognostic indicators and allow us to predict how prognosis will change and an appropriate treatment strategy

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2
Q

what is pharmacogenetics

A

single variant being associated or having an effect on a drug

Genetic influence on drug efficacy and adverse reactions
Typically relating to a single variant

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3
Q

what is pharmacogenomics

A

how the entire genome and multiple variants come together to affect the activity of a drug in the body.

Interaction between drugs and the genome
Typically more Complex relating to multiple genes and their variants

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4
Q

define personalised medicine

A

coupling established clinical-pathological indices with state-of-the-art molecular profiling to create diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies precisely tailored to each patient’s requirements

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5
Q

currently used clinical pathological markers include:

A

X-ray : Opacity, Leuncency, Size & Location
Biochemistry – Generic tests : FBCs, U&Es, Acute phase proteins
Presentation – Symptoms : cough, dizziness, pain, weakness
History : Family history, previous illness, Age, Gender

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6
Q

clinical measures by which we can group responders and non-responders include

A
  • presence of a gene variant
  • gene expression
  • protein marker
  • biochemical marker
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7
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A

movement of drugs through the body Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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8
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

drug – target interactions, the effect on the body

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9
Q

how much on average does it cost to approve a drug

A

£1.15bn, from research to license

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10
Q

how long does it take on average ]to approve a drug

A

12 years

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11
Q

how much does NHS spend on medicines and diagnostics per year

A

rising to £20 billion on medicines

£10 billion of diagnostics

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12
Q

How is Technology is driving change in our approach to treatment?

A
  • Ability to differentiate disease and define subtypes
  • Stratify patients and treat as individuals
  • Provides molecular markers defining the efficacy and safety of a drug
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13
Q

what is gene expression analysis

A
  • different subsets expressed in different cell types
  • A particular cell type in a changed condition will alter its expressed genes
  • knowing which gene subset is expressed/expected tells us whats going on in the cell
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