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Crop Protection 152 > Intro to Plant Pathology > Flashcards

Intro to Plant Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 6 purposes of the International Year of Plant Health 2020?

A
  • Keep plants healthy to achieve Zero Hunger and the Sustainable Development goals
  • Be careful about bringing plants and plant products across borders
  • Make trading in plants and plant products safe by complying with the international plant health standards
  • Keep plants healthy while protecting the environment
  • Invest in plant health capacity
    development, research and outreach
  • Strengthening monitoring and early warning systems to protect plants and plant health
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2
Q

What does Phytopathology stand for?

A

The study of the suffering plant

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3
Q

Phyton? Pathos? Logos?

A

Plant
Suffering
Study

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4
Q

Plant Pathology is that branch of what 3 sciences?
What does it deal with?

A
  • Agricultural, botanical and biological sciences
  • Deals with the study of:
    –Cause of the disease
    –Resulting losses
    –Control of plant disease
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5
Q

What does coffee rust cause?

A

Premature defoliation

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6
Q

What is the result of premature defoliation?

A

Reduces photosynthesis capacity and weakens the tree

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7
Q

Why will coffee rust effect next seasons yield?

A

Next seasons berries are borne on this seasons shoots, therefore this seasons rust reduces next seasons yields.

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8
Q

When and where was the 1st report of Panama disease (TR4 race) in Africa?

A

April 2013-2014 in Mozambique

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9
Q

Is citrus black spot caused by a fungi?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Citrus black spot brings the sa industry to its knees…Why?

A

Affects export to EU (european union), because europe wants to protect its crops from it

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11
Q

What are the affects of citrus black spot on the orange itself

A

-Reduces quality of the fruit
-Drastically reduces quantity in farming
-Black spot make the fruit look undesireble.

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12
Q

Mycotoxigenic fungi is associated with what crops?

A

Maize and wheat

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13
Q

What concerns does Mycotoxigenic fungi present? And for for what/who?

A

Real food safety and security concerns
For humans and livestock

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14
Q

Who are the victims of this “invisible” epidemic ( mycotoxigenic fungi) and from where?

A

Children in Africa and parts of Asia

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15
Q

What are the effects of Mycotoxigenic fungi on children?

A

Can stunt their growth and delay their development

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16
Q

What are the 2 main toxins of Mycotoxigenic fungi?

A

-Aflatoxin
-Fumosnisin

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17
Q

What is plant pathology?
(4)

A
  • Study of the microorganisms and environmental conditions that cause disease in plants

-Mechanisms by which this occurs, (how they cause disease)
- Interactions between the microorganism and the plant (what effects it has on the plant), and
- The methods of managing/ controlling the disease

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18
Q

Definition of Etiology

A

Study of origin, causes (living or non-living) or reasons or disorders in plants.

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19
Q

Definition of Pathogenesis

A

Study of mechanism of disease development i.e. processes of infection and colonization of the host by the pathogen. This phase involves complex host-pathogen interactions

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20
Q

Definition of epidemiology

A

Study the interaction between the causal agent and the diseased plants in relation to environmental conditions. Generally at the population level.

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21
Q

Definition of Control/Management

A

Development of management systems of the diseases land reduction of losses caused by them.

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22
Q

What is a disease (Stakman and Harrar 1957)?

A

Physiological disorder or structural abnormality that is deleterious to the plant or its part or product, that reduces the economic value of the plant

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23
Q

Disease

A

The process in which a pathogen interferes with one or more essential plant cell functions

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24
Q

What is a disease (Ward, 1901)

A

Represents a condition in which functions of the plant are not properly discharged.

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25
Q

A disease is a result of?

A

The intercation between host, pathogens, and environmental

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26
Q

What is disease ( British Mycological Society 1950)

A

Disease is a harmful deviation from normal functioning of physiological processes.

27
Q

Does a disease occur instantly? why?

A

No, it is a process or a change that occurs over time.

28
Q

What are the 3 elements required for diseases in plants?

A
  • a plant(host)
    -a pathogen
    -an environmental
29
Q

The 3 elements that are required for diseases in plants need to be a specific. (plant, pathogen,environment)

A
  • a susceptible plant
  • a pathogen CAPABLE of causing disease
    -a favourable environment (for the disease)
30
Q

Susceptibility of plants to diseases are affected by (disease triangle - plant):

A

Growth stage (age) of the plant
* Seedling (young) vs Mature plant (old)

Genetic background of the plant
* Resistance gene(s) (no disease develop) vs no resistance genes (disease develops)

Stress factors
* Nutrient and water deficiencies; drought, soil conditions etc

31
Q

What is the definition of pathogen?
Pathos?
gen?
(Disease triangle-Pathogen)

A

Cause of the disease
Suffering
origin

32
Q

What are parasites?

A

Organisms that obtain their nutrients from other living organisms

33
Q

Diseases are caused by parasites such as?

A

-fungi
-Bacteria
-Viruses
- Nematodes

34
Q

When does parasites become pathogenic?

A

When they cause harm to harm to the host which results in symptoms (Pathogen)

35
Q

Diseases can be the resulr of biotic or abiotoc. What does both of these mean?

A

Biotic (Living factors) - Infectious, transmissible
Abiotic ( Non-living factors)- Non-infectious, non-transmissible

36
Q

What is required to see bacteria and why?

A

a microscope because it is extremely small

37
Q

Can the population of bacteria increase in a short time period?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are colonies (Bacteria)

A

Cells that clump together in masses

39
Q

How does bacteria spread plant to plant?

A

BY wind-driven rain

40
Q

How does bacteria infect plants?

A

Infects through the natural plant openings or injuries.

41
Q

Is the vast majority of fungi beneficial or destructive?

A

Beneficial

42
Q

For what/who can fungi cause disease

A

plant, human and livestock

43
Q

Can fungi be seen without a mocroscope

A

No, most cant be seen without a mocroscope

44
Q

What does fungi lack?

A

Chlorophyll

45
Q

What is fungi composed of?

A

Growing structure of deicate, threadlike filaments called hyphae

46
Q

How does fungi reproduce?

A

BY forming spores

47
Q

What are oomycetes?

A

Fungi-like structures

48
Q

What are examples of human and animal diseases caused by viruses?

A

-Influenza
-Polio
-Rabies
Smallpox
-Warts

49
Q

What are some destructive things viruses can cause?

A

Destructive plant diseases

50
Q

Are viruses complete living systems?

A

No

51
Q

How do viruses survive?

A

Survive only in living cells

52
Q

How are viruses transmitted and what is it called?

A

Transmitted by insects and are called vectors

53
Q

(Disease triangle-Environment)
What are some climate factors of the environment? (3)

A

Temperature (extreme highs and lows)
Rainfall and irrigation (amount, timing and source)
Light intensity

54
Q

What are some soil Characteristics? (3)

A

Drainage of soils (good or poor)
Soil type
pH

55
Q

What are examples of moisture and wind in an area?

A

Ponds and streams
Airflow direction

56
Q

What are vectors?

A

Pathogen spreading organisms

57
Q

What is the definition of a symptom?

A

a visible or detectable expression of abnormal physiology, development or behavior due to disease

58
Q

What is the definition of a sign?

A

any observable part of the causal agent (pathogen) in disease

59
Q

What are common signs of plant diseases?

A

Reproductive structures of pathogens like fungal mycelium and spores

60
Q

What is the difference between a symptom and a sign?

A

A sign of a plant disease is the PHYSICAL EVIDENCE of the pathogen, such as fungal spores, bacterial ooze, or insect eggs. The actual pathogen)

A symptom of a plant disease is the visible EFFECT of the disease on the plant, such as wilting, spots, or yellowing

61
Q

What does a disease cycle represent?

A

It represents pathogen biology as a series of interconnected stages of development

62
Q

How is the progression through the stages of the plant disease cycle determined?

A

The progression through these stages is determined by a continuous sequence of interactions among host, pathogen, and environment

63
Q

Diseases can be managed by 4 things and explain each

A

AVOIDANCE - Selecting a location where the pathogen is not present, or a planting time when the pathogen is not active/cannot grow

EXCLUSION - Legal restrictions (quarantine), and the production of pathogen-free seed or plants

ERADICATION - Removal of pathogens from infested soil, tools, seed and plant parts

PROTECTION - Use of cultural, chemical and biological control, and genetic resistance

Crop Protection 152 (4 decks)

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