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Eng In Social Context > Intro To Philosophy > Flashcards

Intro To Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

Greek definition

A

Love of wisdom

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2
Q

Modern definition

A

The study of fundamental values of knowledge, reality and existence, academic discipline

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3
Q

The methods of philosophy include:

A

•Questioning
•Critical discussion
•Rational argument
•Systematic presentation / argument

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4
Q

Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy helps explaining theoretical concepts and approaches

A
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5
Q

What are the 3 C’s of Philosophy

A

• Constructing
• Clarifying
• Criticizing

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6
Q

Philosophers try to construct _______ __________ for their views, showing they follow ____ from more basic principles

A

Rational arguments

Logically

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7
Q

What is a useful way of dealing with dogmatism

A

Trying to construct arguments against opponents which will move the DEBATE forward helping everyone understand the STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSES of the different positions and the relations between them

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8
Q

What are the 4 era’s in philosophy?

A
  1. Ancient
  2. Medieval
  3. Modern
  4. Contemporary
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9
Q

Name 3 ancient philosophers

A

Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

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10
Q

Name 3 medieval philosophers

A

Thomas Aquinas
Augustine of Hippo
Anselm

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11
Q

Name 3 modern philosophers

A

Thomas Hobbes
Rene Descartes
John Locke
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Kant
Hegel
Nietzsche
Marx

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12
Q

Name 3 contemporary philosophers

A

Jean-Paul Sartre
Bertrand Russell
Juergen Habermas
Elizabeth Anscombe
John Rawls
Robert Nozick
Peter Singer

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13
Q

By questioning beliefs and testing them out in a rigorous way you can identify:

A
  1. Personal prejudices
  2. Wishful thoughts
  3. Lazy assumptions
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14
Q

In Greek philosophy 2000+ years ago, what branch of philosophy was developed?

A

Moral philosophy

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15
Q

The relationship of morals and ethics are interdependent in society, the workplace and individuals in a way that contributes to:

A

Order
Harmony
Expectations

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16
Q

Ethics comes from the Greek word ‘ETHIKOS’ and relates to ethos or character. It concerns judgements such as:

A

• Good/bad
• Praise/blame
• Fair/unfair
• Better/worse

CAN BE CONSIDERED RELATIVE/CONDITIONAL

17
Q

Ethics = Values
It is proposed that values are deeper than attitudes and more embedded into our character, thus longer lasting

A

Developed over time and subject to relative forces

Values —> Attitudes—> Behavior

18
Q

Remember, NOBODY IS VALUE FREE

A

Values are learned

19
Q

“Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them” - (whom?)

A

Epictetus

20
Q

What are morals?

A

Morals = Norms

Morality comes from the Latin term MORALIS, and is concerned with ACTIONS and not human character.

21
Q

Morals concern issues of:

A

• Just/Unjust
• Punishment/Clemency
• Guilt/Innocence
• Right/Wrong

Can be considered ABSOLUTE/UNCONDITIONAL (UNIVERSAL)

22
Q

Name the 3 Categories of Action and briefly describe them

A

Moral - if they reflect a person’s values or those of society

Immoral - if they go against or are the opposite to a person’s or society’s values. (Knowing the difference between right and wrong) - know it’s wrong but choose to do it anyway

Amoral - if they do not reflect choices based on values or norms of a person or society (have no sense of right and wrong) - children are amoral, they don’t know

23
Q

“Morality is ultimately practical: though it matters morally what we think and feel, morality is, at heart, about what we do” -

A

Kwame Appiah

24
Q

“There has been a shift of emphasis in philosophical discussion of ethics, away from the purely abstract questions to more practical ones…. This shift of concern towards ‘applied ethics’ has been beneficial” -

A

Jonathan Glover

25
Q

“To be interested in ethics is to be interested in life!… Faced with two equally convincing arguments, how do you decide which is ‘right’?” -

A

Mel Thomson

26
Q

What are the goals of successful ethics and morals?

A

Authenticity

Relevance

Practicality

27
Q

How are these goals achieved/applied?

A

Organic - adapt over time or as situations demand

Easily implemented

Recognised means

28
Q

What shapes ethics and morals?

A

Are ethics and morals stagnant?

Do your ethics and morals coincide with those of your parents, friends, associates, etc?

Affected by extrinsic forces? (Outside forces that have a direct bearing on outcomes)

29
Q

Name 7 extrinsic forces

A

Economics
Politics
History
Culture/tradition
Religion
Law/rules
Media

30
Q

MODERN MEDIA is intrusive and tries to create a modern day ethic and morality through the means of:

A

Journalism: new, investigative and forensic reporting

Social media: WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter

Entertainment: reality TV, talk shows, documentaries

31
Q

Moral / ethical changes that were influenced by extrinsics (supported by legal but changed regardless):

A

•Slavery
•Apartheid
•Universal suffrage
•Homosexuality
•Abortion
•OTC sale of contraceptives and the morning after pill
•Child labour
•Basic education
•Animal experimentation

32
Q

How do we know what is ethical/moral?

A

By knowing and understanding what is ethical we get a sense of what is unethical.

If it prohibits or IMPEDES FLOURISHING (well-being) it can be judged to be unethical

33
Q

Briefly describe personal and professional ethics

A

Personal ethics are a set of values that a person holds. Example, they do not believe in child labor but have a collection of Persian rugs at home.

Professional ethics are a set of standards adopted by professions, e.g. integrity, transparency, accountability, etc. - an example of this is personal belief in gender equality, yet no female board member.

34
Q

What is the existing definition of engineering ethics?

A

“Engineering ethics is a body of philosophy indicating the ways engineers should conduct themselves in their professional capacity” - Fledderman, C.B.

35
Q

The existing definition sucks. Provide the new working definition by Doherty:

A

“Engineering ethics is a body of applied philosophy that has a practical use on the workplace by engineers. It can assist in the understanding and refining of a sense of ‘good’ and ‘bad’, ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ in a way consistent with the other professional responsibilities and duties of an engineer”.

Eng In Social Context (6 decks)

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