Intro to Pharmacology (Exam 1)

Question 1

Definition of Pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of the biological effects of DRUGS that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

Question 2

Definition of Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

-What happens to drugs in the body

Question 3

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 3

-Mechanism of action

-Effects on the body

Question 4

Chemical Name

Answer 4

-Long and Complex

-Used in research

Question 5

Generic name

Answer 5

-Official name of drug

-Only 1 generic name

-Usually more complicated than trade name

-Lower case

Question 6

Trade Name

Answer 6

-Brand Name

-Easier to remember and pronounce

-Upper case

Question 7

Prototype Drug

Answer 7

One drug-typically the first-that represents a group or class of medication

Question 8

New drugs int eh class are compared to the prototype to examine what?

Answer 8

Effectiveness and Side Effects

Question 9

Therapeutic Effects

Answer 9

-Intended effects of the drug

-What we want to happen

Blood pressure medication to decrease blood pressure

Question 10

Side effects

Answer 10

-Unintended Effects of Medication

-Unavoidable

Question 11

When taking a medication a person has to weigh what?

Answer 11

The therapeutic effects vs the adverse (side effects)

Question 12

Toxicties

Answer 12

Harmful effects of medication

Question 13

Allergic reactions

Answer 13

-Unexpected can be dangerous

-Involves immune system response

Question 14

What do we needs to know with each medication?

Answer 14

-Name: Generic Names

-Classification (drug class): Given to a describe a group of medication that work similarly (SAME MOA)

-Mechanism of action: How the drug works in the body

-Indications: Why are we giving this med? What is it used to treat?

-Common/Serious Adverse Effects

-Contrindications

-Nursing indications: What the nurses need to worry about with the medication. What do we need to assess before giving the said medication. Serious interactions? is it a CYP drug?

Question 15

How are new drugs approved

Answer 15

-approved by the FDA

-chemical identified and undergoes strict clinical test

Question 16

Preclinical Trials

Answer 16

Tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects

Question 17

Phase I studies

Answer 17

Human Volunteers are used to test the drug

-Showing us big side effects

Question 18

Phase II Studies

Answer 18

-drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat

-showing use rare and new side effects

Question 19

Phase III studies

Answer 19

The drug is used in a VAST CLINICAL MARKET.

Question 20

Phase IV studies

Answer 20

-CONTINUED EVALUATION by the FDA

Question 21

Controlled Substances

Answer 21

-Schedule I-V

Question 22

Schedule I Medications

Answer 22

-Chemical substances or drugs that are not approved for medical use. No reason to prescribe

-Herion-LSD-Ecstasy

-VERY HIGH POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE

Question 23

Schedule II Medications

Answer 23

-Used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse

-Narcotics and amphetamines

-Hydromorphone - Oxycodone

-NO REFILLS ALLOWED

Question 24

Schedule III Medications

Answer 24

Less potential for abuse (moderate to low)

-None barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants

-Ketamine, testosterone, anabolic steroids

Question 25

Schedule IV Medications

Answer 25

-Some potential for Abuse

-Primarily sedatives, anti-anxiety medications

-Xanax, Valium, Ambien

Question 26

Schedule 5

Answer 26

Low potential for abuse

-Mediations containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants. Antitussives

-Cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing medications

Question 27

Over the Counter Medications

Answer 27

-80 different classes

-Antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives

-Low risk of side effects and Low abuse potential

Question 28

For a medication to be classified as OTC

Answer 28

Consumers must be able to diagnose own conditions and monitor effectiveness EASILY

Benedryll for poison Ivey rash

Question 29

Some OTC medications are available only behind the pharmacy counter due to abuse possibility

Answer 29

-Pseudoephedrine containing medications

Question 30

Dietary and Herbal Supplements can only

Answer 30

Claim affect on BODY STRUCTURE or FUNCTION (not medical condition)

EX. St John’s Wort- affects emotional balance (not treat depression)

Not evaluated by the FDA

Question 31

Adverse interactions between drugs and herbals

Answer 31

-Some herbals can INCREASE the toxicity of prescription medication or cause DECREASED therapeutic effects

Question 32

Teaching Points for Drug and Herbals

Answer 32

When getting a medication history always ask SPECIFICALLY about other medications, supplements, OTC, herbals, vitamins, etc.

Question 33

Example: of adverse interaction

Answer 33

GINKO biloba platelet aggregation

Therefore can increase the risk of bleeding in patients on antiplatelet and antiocoagulant drugs (blood thinners)

Question 34

Teratogens

Answer 34

Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus

Question 35

Common teratogens

Answer 35

Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine all known teratogens

Question 36

FDA Pregnancy Risk Categories

Answer 36

Category A- Safe for fetus

Category B- Lack of studies to show benefit/risk

Category C- No studies, animal studies possible risk

Category D- drugs that have possible risk to the fetus

Category X- drugs that have KNOWN RISK, that CANNOT be outweighed by possible benefit

Question 37

Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR) categories

Answer 37

Pregnancy

Lactation

Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Question 38

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 38

-The study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs

-New field combines pharmacology and genomics to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a persons makeup