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Pharmacology > Intro To Pharmacology > Flashcards

Intro To Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

-study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecule receptors and activate or inhibits normal body processes

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2
Q

Primary interest of drugs and secondary

A 
Drugs that 
- treat 
- prevent 
- diagnose 
( diseases )

-substances that cause poisoning, environmental pollutants and drug abuse

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3
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical agent that affect processes of living organisms through its chemical actions

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4
Q

Types of drugs

A
  • synthetic

- natural

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5
Q

Aim of drug

A

To achieve beneficial therapeutic effect on patient or to achieve toxic effect on regulatory processes of foreign pathogen’s parasites infecting host

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6
Q

Important characteristics and terms of use

A
  • selectivity of its effects

- must produce desirable effect with tolerable undesired effects

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7
Q

Medicine

A

Chemical preparation which usually (but not always) contains one or more drugs administered with intention of producing therapeutic effect

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8
Q

What identifies a drug

A

The substance must be administered rather than released by physiological mechanisms

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9
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Studies what is the body does to the Drugs deals with absorption distribution biotransformation and excretion of drugs

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10
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Studies what the drug does go the body

study of biological and physiological effect of drugs in the mechanism of action

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11
Q

Pharamcogenomics

A

Studies the relationship between an individuals genetic make up to his or her response to a specific drug

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12
Q

What does pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics describe

A

The relationship between dose of the drug and utility of that drug in treating a patient disease

these factors along with the dosage determine
1 concentration of a drug at a site
2 intensity of its effect overtime

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13
Q

3 ways of Drug nomenclature

A

1 chemical name
2 non-proprietary name
3 proprietary name

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14
Q

Chemical name

A

Gives chemical constitution of the drug giving precise arrangement of atoms and atomic groups in a molecule

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15
Q

Non-proprietary name

A

Chemical name of active in ingredient in a formulation

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16
Q

2 classes of non-proprietary name

A

1 approved / generic name -Name given to a drug before it becomes official not capitalized may be used by anyone

2 official name - may be same as generic. Used in pharmacopoeia ( Publication or book containing list of drugs their effects and directional use )

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17
Q

Proprietary name

A
  • trade name given by manufacturer and its trademark
  • can I have more than one name if the medicine is manufactured by more than one company
  • name unique to formulation
18
Q

What is minimum effective plasma conc and peak plasma conc

A
  • conc of drug beyond which desired effects are observed. ( a certain threshold is met )
  • time at which all administered drug has been absorbed
19
Q

Describe times of drug plasma conc curve

A

T1- time of administration
T1-T2 - time taken to reach onset of action
T3 - peak plasma conc. All drug absorbed
T2-T4 - duration of effective plasma conc
T1-T5 - time taken to completely expel drug from system

20
Q

Why won’t some drugs never reach their peak effect

In what form is drug expelled

What is MTD and MED

A

/they have numerous processes that have to occur 1st

-as itself unchanged or it’s by product

  • max tolerable dose
  • minimum effective dose
21
Q

What does second dose increase in conc during repeat administration

What does steady state plasm conc mean

A
  • there will still be some remains from the initial dose

- rate of administration = rate of excretion

22
Q

Purpose of steady state of repeat doses

Effect of more than MTD and less than MED

A

-to ensure that plasma conc of drug required is in a known and safe range

  • anything more than MTD will be toxic
  • less than MED won’t be effective
23
Q

What is bioavailability

It’s purpose

A
  • fraction of drug administered that reaches system circulation in a chemically unchanged form
  • measure Extend if drug absorption
24
Q

How is bioavailability measured

What situation will entire dose enter circulation

What does area under bioavailability curve measure

A

-plot graph of IV dose and oral dose on graph
-measure area under graph
Use formulae ( AUC oral / AUC IV ) x 100

When administered through IV

-extend of exposure Of drug

25
Q

Factors affecting bioavailability

A

1 solubility of drug - lipid soluble easily absorbed
2 nature - liquid absorbed easier
3 instability of drug -
4 1st pass metabolism- metabolized ie by liver before reaching circulation

26
Q

What is distribution

What is volume of distribution and list the 3 compartments

A

/process by which a drug is reversibly exchanged / transferred between blood steam into extracellular fluid or tissue cells

-hypothetical volume of fluid into which drug is disseminated
1 plasma
2 interstitial fluid
3 total body water - every space in the body

27
Q

Most important route of drug elimination and other routes

How are renal failure patients aided in drug elimination

A
  • urine via kidney
  • nursing milk, lung , intestines
  • extracorporeal dialysis will remove small amounts
28
Q

List the 3 types of renal elimination

A

1 glomerular
2 proximal distal secretion
3 distal tubular reabsorption

29
Q

Describe glomerular elimination

What won’t affect it

A
  • free small drugs flow through capillary slits into bowmans capsules
  • lipid solubility and pH
30
Q

Describe proximal tubular secretion

Describe how it is in neonates

A
  • occurs by 2 energy requiring ion transport systems ( one for cations and other anions )
  • low selectivity so high competition for similar drugs

-premature infants and neonates have incomplete tubular mechanisms so will retain certain drugs

31
Q

Describe distal tubular reabsorption

A

-manipulation of urine pH will increase ionized form of drug and will minimizes reabsorption

  • to increase add bicarbonate
  • to decrease ammonium chloride
32
Q

What is blood clearance

What is the formula for clearance

What does elimination depend on

A
  • volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time
  • CLtotal + CL renal + CL hepatic + CL pulmonary + CL other
  • amount of drug in circulation and blood flow
33
Q

What happens to clearance if VD is large

What is drug half life and what does it closely relate

A

-most drugs not present in plasma for clearance and so half life if clearance is increased

  • determines time taken to achieve steady state or equilibrium with a constant dose
  • closely relates conc of drug at site of action
34
Q

Clinical situations resulting in reduced drug excretion

A
  • reduced renal flow / heart failure
  • reduced blood extraction / renal failure
  • addition of 2nd drug which displaces 1st from albumin and increases VD of 1st
  • decrease metabolism/ 2nd drug inhibiting bio transformation of 1st
35
Q

Major site of drug metabolism and other

Does metabolism also excrete drugs

A
  • liver
  • GIT

-yes

36
Q

What type of drugs can’t kidney excrete properly and how’s does metabolism help

A
  • that are lipophilic and easily pass through cell membranes and reabsorbed into distal tubules
  • converts them to water soluble for easier excretion
37
Q

What does metabolism lead to

A
  • decrease in biological activity / increased polarity reduces receptor binding
  • increase in activity / metabolite more potent than parent drug
  • change in nature of activity / metabolite shows diffs properties
38
Q

Describe phase 1 reactions and how it comes about both ways

A

-converts lipophilic by introducing polar group or unmasking it
-catalyzed by CYP-450 oxidation and reduction system
/those not involving P-450 r amine oxidation , hydrolysis , oxidation of catechol Amines or histamines , alcohol dehydrogenation

39
Q

Describe phase 2 reaction and the outcome

A

-drugs conjugated with endogenous substrate such as gkucuronic, sulphuric , acetic or amino acids resulting in polar and more water soluble components which are therapeutically inactive

40
Q

What happens if drug sufficiently polar

What happens to already polar drugs

A
  • excreted by kidneys

- enter 2 direct and be conjugated

41
Q

How do drugs produces their effects

A

1 acting on cell receptors

2 as false substrates for enzyme or transport system ( inhibitor )

3 non specific drug action

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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