Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
What is a pro-drug?
Converted to active drug in body
What are pharmacotherapeutics?
Study appropriate use of meds
What is pharmacoeconomics?
Study methods to evaluate value between therapies
What is pharmacoepidemiology?
Study use and effects of meds in large populations
What are the key aspects of each drug class?
Drug name and class (MOA vs chemical) MOA Indications/Uses Toxicities via side effects and contraindications Monitoring Drug Interactions
Suffix of beta blockers
-lol
Suffix of alpha blockers
-sin
Suffix of ACE inhibitors
-pril
Suffix of H2 antagonists (blockers)
-ine
Suffix of proton pump inhibitors
-zole
Suffix of calcium channel antagonists (blockers)
-ipine
Suffix of diuretics
-ide
How can all substances be poisons?
DOSAGE/amount ingested
What factors contribute to concentration of drug at action sites?
BMI (physiological) pathologies genetics interaction with other drugs tolerance and desensitization
What leads to drug therapy failure primarily?
med errors and patient compliance
What is MEC and its relation to TI?
Minimum effective concentration TI is therapeutic index between MEC for desired response and adverse response –>high TI, hard to overdose (benzos) –> low TI, hard to get right dose and easy to have adverse response
What drugs have low TIs?
Digoxin Lithium Warfarin
What is the usual lag period for drugs?
20 minutes
Why are liquid drugs used over solid drugs in hospital/emergent settings?
Liquids have higher surface area, so absorb faster and bypass lag period
Describe additive drugs
Both drugs together give expected effect
2+3=5
Alcohol and Diphenhydramine
Describe synergistic drugs
Multiple interactions have more than expected effect
3+3=9
Alcohol and alpraxolam
Why is alcohol and alprazolam deadly?
Alprazolam is a benzo with high TI so can’t overdose easily
However once alcohol is ingested, increases rxn that kills
Describe potentiation of drugs
Something that isn’t toxic by itself becomes toxic with another drug
2+0=4
alcohol and CCl4 becomes a free radical
What are the types of antagonistic mechanisms?
Functional: different receptors produce opposite effects (adrenergic + vasodilator)
Chemical: counters effect of another to decrease overall (EDTA with lead or arsenic poisoning)
Dispositional: metabolism altered to decrease concentration or duration (give ethanol with methanol poisonin= Competitive Antagonist)
Receptor: change configuration or specificity (narcan high specificity)
Give example of drug with deleterious pharmacological effects
anti-cancer agents, adriamycin
Give example of pathological deleterious effects
INH to treat TB can lead to kidney damage if not monitored
GIve example of genotoxic deleterious effects
thalidomide used as a sedative in pregnent mothers–> phocomelia (no limbs) in newborns
What is pharmaceutical equivalence?
Same ingredients, dosage form and route, strength/concentration, purity standards
What is pharmaceutical alternatives?
SAME DRUG but different complexes, dosages or strengths
What is therapeutic equivalence?
Pharmaceutically equivalent and has same effect and safety
What is bioequivalence?
Similar rae and extent of absorption
80-125% of reference product
What is the main difference between A and B FDA codes?
A is therapeutically quivalent
B is not
What is 1/1000 of a gram?
milligram (mg)
WHat is 1/1000th of a milligram?
microgram (mcg)
Describe Schedule 1 drug
Illegal for all non-research use
Marijuana, LSD, PCP, Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
Describe Schedule 2 drug
Must be original and hand delivered to pharmacy (no telephone or refills)
opioids, cannabinoids, amphetamines, phenobarbital
Describe Schedule 3 drug
New prescription after 6 months or 5 refills
(same drugs as 2–>opioids, amphetamines etc.)
Describe Schedule 4 drug
Prescription written after 6 months or 5 refills
low potential for abuse and dependence
propoxyphene, phenteramine, alprazolam
Describe Schedule 5 drug
Non opioid prescription or no prescription
When do drug schedules switch from high potential for abuse to low potential?
After Schedule 3
What are the pregnancy categories used by FDA as of 2015?
Pregnancy (L&D)
Lactation
Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
q.i.d
4 times per day
q.o.d
every other day
hs
at bedtime
ac
before meals
pc
after meals
o.d.
right eye
o.s.
left eye
o.u.
both eyes
a.d.
right ear
a.s.
left ear
a.u.
both ears
gtt
drops
qd
every day
p.r.
per rectum
NGT
nasogastric tube
OGT
orogastric tube
exlir.
liquid or syrup
supp.
inserted rectally
c with line over it
with
IVPB
IV piggyback
Dosage formula
ordered/supply x quantity
Order 30mg, 60mg supply, 1 tablet
30/60 * 1 = 0.5mg dose
1 dose is 1/2 tablet
Which is more potent?
B
Which is more efficient?
Everything except B
What is less potent than B and A and effective?
C and D
