Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
What is medicine?
a drug that is administered for its value as a preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent.
What is a drug?
any nonfood chemical substance that affects the mind or the body.
What are the three medical uses of drugs?
- to prevent disease
- to diagnose disease
- to treat disease
What is prophalaxis?
the administration of a preventative drug
When was the first apothecary shop established in the U.S?
1729
When was the first hospital based pharmacy established in the U.S?
1751
What is a pharmacopeia?
a comprehensive list of all drugs and their ingredients
When was the United States Pharmacopeia first published?
1820
What plant is digoxin (Lanoxin) derived from?
foxglove plant
What is digoxin used to treat?
congestive heart failure
What plant is morphine derived from?
poppy
What plant is colchicine derived from?
autumn crocus
What is colchicine used to treat?
gout
What plant is metformin derived from?
French lilac
What is metformin used to treat?
diabetes
What plant is vincristine derived from?
periwinkle
What is vincristine used to treat?
cancer
What plant is paclitaxel derived from?
Pacific yew tree
What is paclitaxel used to treat?
cancer
What plant did aspirin originate from?
willow tree (bark)
What is auranofin (Ridaura) used to treat?
rheumatoid arthritis
What is auranofin derived from
gold (Au)
What is molecular manipulation?
changing the molecular structure of a drug
What is an isomer?
a molecule that is similar to another molecule, with the same number and types of atoms, but differs in the arrangement and position of those atoms and their chemical bonds
What is pharmacogenetics?
the knowledge of how the genetic makeup of different people affects their responses to drugs
What is the Connectivity Map?
a computer database that shows connections between a person’s genes, diseases, and drugs
What is rDNA technology?
It is genetic manipulation process that uses enzymes to cut apart segments of DNA. Gene cloning produces a large supply of DNA segments. These segments are then transferred from the host organism into a recipient organism.
What was the first rDNA drug approved by the FDA?
Human insulin
What is monoclonal antibody drugs?
laboratory-made proteins that mimic the body’s natural antibodies. They are designed to target and bind to specific proteins (antigens) on cells or viruses, triggering an immune response
When was the first monoclonal antibody drug created?
1986
What are drugs that have the suffix -mab
monoclonal antibody drugs
What is gene replacement therapy?
creating a person’s missing or nonfunctional gene in a laboratory
How are gene replacement drugs administered?
intravenously
What is an orphan drug?
A (new) drug that is used to treat rare diseases
What is pharmacodynamics?
the effects of drugs in the body and the mechanism of their action, based on time and dose
What is a frequency distribution curve?
The number of animals who responded or did not respond to the drug at a particular dose
What is a therapeutic index?
The relative margin of safety between the dose that produces a therapeutic effect and the dose that produces a toxic effect in animals
Is a drug preferred to have a higher or lower therapeutic index?
Higher. This means there is a larger margin between safe and toxic doses
During what phase of clinical drug trials are 10-100 healthy volunteers tested?
Phase I
What is pharmacokinetics?
movement of the drug through the body and its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
How long does phase I of a clinical drug trial normally last?
1.5 years
During what phase of clinical drug trails are 50-500 diseased patients tested?
Phase II
How long does phase II of a clinical drug trial normally last?
2 years
During what phase of clinical drug trials are double-blind trials performed?
Phase III
How long does phase III of a clinical drug trial normally last?
3 years
What does a.c. mean?
before meals
What does b.i.d. mean?
twice a day
What does Dx mean?
diagnosis
What does gtt mean?
drops
What does h.s. mean?
at bedtime
What does n.p.o mean?
nothing by mouth
What does p.c mean?
after meals
What does p.o mean?
by mouth
What does p.r.n. mean?
as needed
What does q.a.m. mean?
every morning
What does q.d. mean?
daily
What does q.h.s mean?
daily at bedtime
What does q.i.d. mean?
four times a day
What does SQ mean?
subcutaneous
What does t.i.d. mean?
three times daily
