Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards
Substance that causes a change in biological function
Drug
Pro-drug
Drug that is converted to its active form by biological processes in the body
Study of appropriate use of medications to treat
Pharmacotherapeutics
Study of genetic impact on drug metabolic processes that affect individual response
Pharmacogenomics
Methods to evaluate/compare value between therapies
Pharmacoeconomics
Study uses and effects of medications on large populations
Pharmacoepidemiology
Drugs that have the same action/class have what in common?
SUFFIX
Approximately how long does it take for a drug to develop in the US?
20 years
Describe the overall general pathway once a drug is administered?
- Drug is distributed equally into circulation/tissues
- Drug either metabolized and excreted OR concentrated at site of action
- If at site: - - Effect OR Toxic
Pharmacokinetics deals with?
Time
Pharmacodynamics deals with?
Effect
What are the 2 major reasons for drug therapy failure?
Medication errors
Patient compliance
What is the Therapeutic Window?
Ratio between the Minimum Effective Concentration and the Minimum Toxic Concentration
When the Minimum Effective Concentration is reached, what occurs?
Effects! (Duration of the intended action)
ex. of drugs with small therapeutic windows (BAD)?
Warfarin, lithium, digoxin
IV
Intravenous
- MOST RAPID ONSET
IM
Intramuscular
- Can do large volumes but painful
SC
Subcutaneous
- Smaller volumes but painful
PO
Oral
- Most convenient and includes 1st pass effect
PR
Rectal
- Less 1st pass effect
Inhalation has a ____ onset
Rapid
Transdermal has a ____ absorption and _____ duration of action
SLOW absorption
PROLONGED duration of action
What is necessary to convert Acetomenophin out of its toxic form for it to be excreted?
Glutathione
ex. of Non-deleterious effects
Hair loss, itching, hair growth
Deleterious effects are ____
TOXIC
SAME ingredients, dose, form, route etc.
Pharmaceutical Equivalance
Same drug but DIFFERENT complexes/salts/doses/forms
Pharmaceutical Alternatives
To be therapeutically equivalent, drugs must be?
Pharmaceutically equivalent with same effect and safety profile
Similar rate and extent of absorption with 80%-125% of reference product
Bioequivalence
Drugs that require a Rx are scheduled when?
There is potential for abuse
As you go from Schedule 1-5, what occurs?
Decreased risk for abuse
3 Pregnancy risk categories?
- Pregnancy (labor and delivery)
- Lactation (nursing moms)
- Female and Male reproductive potential
q.d.
Daily
Daily
q.d.
b.i.d.
twice daily
twice daily
b.i.d.
t.i.d.
three times daily
three times daily
t.i.d.
q.i.d.
four times daily
four times daily
q.i.d.
q.o.d.
every other day
every other day
q.o.d.
q.”#”.h.
every # of hours
every 12 hours
q12h
q.a.m.
every morning
every morning
q.a.m.
q.p.m.
every evening
every evening
q.p.m.
q.h.s.
every night at bed time
every night at bed time
q.h.s.
p.r.n.
as needed
as needed
p.r.n
a.c.
before meals
before meals
a.c.
p.c.
after meals
after meals
p.c.
p.o.
by mouth
by mouth
p.o.
s.l.
under the tongue
under the tongue
s.l.
NGT and OGT
Naso-Gastric Tube
Oro-Gastric Tube
What is the dosage formula?
Docs order/supply on hand X Quantity(form)
