Antibiotics Flashcards
Bacteriostatic Antibiotics
Capable of inhibiting the growth/reproduction of bacteria
Bactericidal Antibiotics
Capable of killing bacteria
What 5 things can Antibiotics target to disrupt bacteria?
- Cell wall synthesis
- Protein synthesis
- DNA/RNA synthesis
- Folate (TH4) synthesis
- Membrane integrity
What are the 5 most common Bacteriostatic Antibiotics?
Macrolides Sulfonamides Chloramphenicol Tetracyclines Oxazolidinones
What is the most widely used antibiotic?
Beta-lactam
Bactericidal
2 most common examples of Beta-lactam antibiotics?
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
MOA for Beta-lactams?
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
Minor side effects are common with Beta-lactams, are anaphylactic reactions?
NO
Bacteria produce ______ enzymes that resist antibiotics (ex. penicillinase)
Beta-lactamase
What inhibitors prevent resistance and are used with beta-lactam antibiotics?
Beta-lactamase inhibitors
Medication for Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
Tazobactum + Piperacillin
beta-lactamase inhibitor + beta-lactam antibiotic
Tazobactum is a?
Beta-lactamase inhibitor
What penicillin treats strep throat and syphillis?
Benzathine Penicillin
Benzathine Penicillin is safe or unsafe during pregnancy?
SAFE
Ceftriaxone is what type of beta-lactam antibiotic?
Cephalosporin Gen. 3
What does Ceftriaxone treat?
E. Coli –> Acute pyelonephritis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Infections after surgery
What patient population often gets acute pyelonephritis after E.coli and can be treated with ceftriaxone?
Young adult women
Risk of cross-reactivity with penicillins and cephalosporins is acceptable when the patient has a history of?
Minor allergic-like reaction
2 Beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat staph. aureus?
Methicillin
Oxacillin
MSSA/OSSA
Methicillin/Oxacillin Susceptible Staph. Aureus
MRSA/ORSA
Methicillin/Oxacillin Resistant Staph. Aureus
What does MRSA/ORSA produce to make the staph. aureus resistant to treatment with the beta-lactam antibiotics?
Penicillinase
MRSA/ORSA are treated with?
Vancomycin
2 adverse effects of Macrolides?
Inhibit cytochrome P450 drug metabolism
Produce cardiac effects like QT prolongation and Torsade de pointes
Common ex. of a Macrolides?
Erythromycin
Common ex. of an Aminoglycoside?
Streptomycin
What few things are Aminoglycosides used to treat?
Sepsis
Respiratory and urinary and intra-abdominal infections
Where is Chloramphenicol used?
Low income countries
Chloramphenicol treats?
Conjunctivitis
Chloramphenicol is no longer used in developed nations due to safety concerns and resistance. What are possible side effects?
Bone marrow suppression
Gray Baby syndrome
Nausea, diarrhea
What is Gray Baby Syndrome and what is it seen with?
Chloramphenicol
Low BP and swollen baby belly
Common ex. of a Glycopeptide?
Vancomycin
MOA for Glycopeptides? (Vancomycin)
Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Vancomycin treats?
MRSA/ORSA
Resistance to Quinolone antibiotics evolves rapidly. What is their mechanism of action?
Interferes with DNA replication and transcription
Common ex. of a Quinolone?
Ciprofloxacin
Quinolones treat?
GU/hospital/community-acquired infections
Common ex. of a Oxazolidinone?
Linezolid
Oxazolidinone treats?
Gram + bacteria that is resistant to other antibiotics
Skin infections, Pneumonia and TB
Sulfonamides usually treat?
Vaginal yeast infections
What group of antibiotics used ________ as a solvent that killed people and caused the FDA to form?
Sulfonamides
Diethylene Glycol as solvent
Why are Tetracyclines avoided during pregnancy?
Bone growth suppression and staining of the teeth
What class of Antibiotics can demonstrate Antiviral activity and why?
Ansamycins
MOA=interferes with RNA synthesis
Streptogramins are 2 groups that act?
Synergistically
What are Streptogramins used to treat?
Vancomycin Resistant Bacteria
With what antibiotic class is resistance rare?
Lipopeptides
Lipopeptides MOA?
Disrupts cell membrane function
Common ex. of Lipopeptides?
Daptomycin
Daptomycin treats?
Severe infections by Gram + bacteria
Staph. Aureus endocarditis and bacteremia
What antibiotic is an alternative to penicillin?
Clindamycin
Clindamycin is a ______ antibiotic
Bacteriostatic
FDA Pregnancy categories from least harmful to most harmful
A B - safe C - have not been shown to harm fetus D - should be avoided if possible X - should NOT be used
When should Category D antibiotics be taken?
ONLY if the alternative is worse
Doxycycline
Streptomycin (aminoglycoside)
Tetracycline
Tigecycline
Category D antibiotics
What does Streptomycin cause in fetuses?
Newborn hearing loss
Vancomycin resistant bacteria produce what at the C termini?
D-Ala:D-Lac
D-Ala:D-Ser
What is Vancomycin drawn to normally at the C termini?
D-Ala:D-Ala
With Vancomycin resistance, Vancomycin does not bind and what results?
Stable cross-links
