Intro to Pharm

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

the study of drugs

Question 2

Drug

Answer 2

A synthetic or naturally occurring substance that alters physiology

Question 3

4 subdivisions of Pharmacology

Answer 3

Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics

Question 4

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

(PK)
The effect of the body on a drug
ADME

Question 5

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 5

(PD)
The effect of the drug on a body
Potency and efficacy

Question 6

FDA drug approval process (steps)

Answer 6

Identify drug need
- development
- animal studies
Investigational new drug approval
Clinical trials
- phase 1
- phase 2
-phase 3
- phase 4

Question 7

Off-patent

Answer 7

less expensive, any company can manufacture the drug

Question 8

Off-label

Answer 8

A drug being used for something not originally approved by the FDA

Question 9

Class I recall drug

Answer 9

Dangerous or defective product that could cause serious health problems or death

Question 10

Class II recall drug

Answer 10

a drug that might cause a temporary health problem

Question 11

Class III recall drug

Answer 11

a product that is unlikely to cause any adverse health reaction but violates FDA labeling or manufacturing laws

Question 12

Chemical name

Answer 12

specific structure of a drug

Question 13

Generic name

Answer 13

nonproprietary name
first letter is lower case
cheaper
inactive ingredients may vary

Question 14

Brand/Trade name

Answer 14

assigned or owned by manufacturer

first letter is capitalized

Question 15

How many controlled substance schedules are there?

Answer 15

Five

Question 16

Schedule I drugs

Answer 16

no proven medical use

illegal

Question 17

Schedule II drugs

Answer 17

proven medical use

high risk of abuse/dependence

Question 18

Schedule III drugs

Answer 18

proven medical use

medium risk of abuse/dependence

Question 19

Schedule IV drugs

Answer 19

proven medical use

low risk of abuse/dependence

Question 20

Schedule V drugs

Answer 20

proven medical use
low risk of abuse
no risk of dependence

Question 21

Pharmacokinetic absorption types

Answer 21

Enteral

Parenteral

Question 22

Enteral routes (types)

Answer 22

via GI tract
Oral
Sublingual
Rectal

Question 23

Parenteral routes (types)

Answer 23

(no GI tract)
Injection
Inhalation
Topical
Transdermal
Implant

Question 24

3 main pathways the drug gets to the target

Answer 24

Passive diffusion through the lipid membrane
Passive diffusion through the aqueous channel
Carrier-mediated (binds to a protein)

Question 25

What impacts drug movement

Answer 25

``` Lipophilicity Size of drug molecule membrane thickness acidic vs. basic molecules concentration gradients ```

Question 26

Barriers to drug delivery

Answer 26

``` Blood-brain barrier user error lipid solubility/degree of ionization fast/slow gastric emptying food/drug interactions ```

Question 27

Bioavailability (definition)

Answer 27

the percent of a drug that makes it into systemic circulation

Question 28

Which types of absorption does first-pass effect/metabolism/elimination effect?

Answer 28

Enteral - oral

Question 29

Distribution

Answer 29

drug distributes to interstitial and intracellular fluids, and extravascular tissue

Question 30

Rate of distribution depends on:

Answer 30

``` Lipid solubility and degree of drug ionization in different compartments organ blood flow molecular weight local metabolism binding to plasma proteins ```

Question 31

Volume distribution (Vd)

Answer 31

total concentration of the drug in the body/plasma concentration

Question 32

Metabolism (definition)

Answer 32

how a drug is inactivated and prepared for elimination

Question 33

Metabolism parts

Answer 33

Phase 1: catabolic process | Phase 2: conjugation reaction

Question 34

Elimination types

Answer 34

``` Urine via kidneys Fecal via liver Breath tears breast milk saliva sweat ```

Question 35

First Order elimination is...

Answer 35

proportional to concentration

Question 36

Zero Order elimination is....

Answer 36

constant and independent of concentration

Question 37

How many half lives does it take for the drug to be considered cleared from the body?

Answer 37

5

Question 38

Half-life

Answer 38

how long it takes to eliminate 50% of a drug

Question 39

Steady state

Answer 39

when the amount of drug excreted in a specified period is equal to the amount of drug administered often time to reach therapeutic effect

Question 40

ADME

Answer 40

Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination