Intro to pharamcology

Question 1

what is pharmacology?

Answer 1

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects and modes of action of drugs
AKA- What they do and how they do it

Question 2

What are the two main arms of pharmacology and their key components?

Answer 2

1. Pharmacokinetics: has to do with the movement of the drug into through and out of the body. ‘What the body does to the drugs’
2. Pharmacodynamics: biochemical, physiological and molecular effects of drug on the body
   ‘What the drug does to the body’

Question 3

What are drugs?

Answer 3

a substance intended for nurse in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease

Question 4

What are the sources of drugs?

Answer 4

Plants, animals, microorganisms, minerals, synthetic, recombinant proteins.

Question 5

What are drug interaction in the body?

Answer 5

Administration, absorption, distribution, drug action, termination of effect.

Question 6

define what the chemical name of a drug is

Answer 6

identifies the chemical elements and compounds that are found i the drug

Question 7

What are the different types of drug administration and an example

Answer 7

Enteral - Orally, rectally.
Parenteral - IV, IM, Subcut
Topical - Skin, eyes. ears.

Question 8

What is involved in first pass metabolism?

Answer 8

This is where the drug which is absorbed by the GI tract enters the portal or liver circulation before it gets distributed to the systemic or general circulation. The liver metabolizes the drug before it passes through to the target organ.

Question 9

Why does the first pass metabolism impact giving drugs orally? Give example

Answer 9

The first pass metabolism, metabolizes drugs in the liver before they reach their target organ this decreases the efficacy of the drug.
Example Nitroglycerin is 90% cleared during one passage through the liver, therefore it is given sublingually (under the tongue) to get into the blood stream and avoid first pass metabolism.

Question 10

what is another name for a non-proprietary drug and it definition

Answer 10

Generic name, the universally accepted name for a drug.

Question 11

What is a proprietary drug?

Answer 11

Brand or trade name drug, copyrighted or trademarked name given by the drug company

Question 12

What are the rights of safe administration?

Answer 12

right pt, right time, right drug, right dose, , right route, right documentation, right history, right to refuse, right education, right evaluation

Question 13

How do drugs work Give examples

Answer 13

transport systems (eg ion channels Xyocoain (lidocaine) to block voltage-gated sodium)
Enzymes (eq block enzyme activity Viagra (Slidenful) to block phosphodiesterase type 5)
Non specific (eg chelation desirox (deferasirox) to reduce chronic overload

Question 14

What is a ligand?

Answer 14

Any molecule binding to a receptor EG drug

Question 15

define receptor

Answer 15

any biological molecule that receives chemical signals and is responsible for transduction extracellular signals into intracellular responses

Question 16

What are the four families/classes of a receptor?

Answer 16

Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
G protein-coupled receptors (metabotropic)
Kinase-linked receptors
Nuclear receptors

Question 17

What are some factors altering drug response?

Answer 17

Age, body mass, time of administration, pathological state, genetics, psychological factors.

Question 18

how does a drug response vary in a geriatric pt?

Answer 18

they have decrease cardiac output, renal function, brain mass, total body water, serum albumin, respiratory capacity.

Question 19

How does a drug response vary in a pregnant women?

Answer 19

they have increased cardiac output, heart rate, blood volume (up to 45%). Decreased protein binding, hepatic metabolism, blood pressure. & placenta, barrier permeability.