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Foundations > Intro to Pediatrics > Flashcards

Intro to Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical age range of patients that pediatricians see? What are the exceptions?

A

Birth to 21

Patients with special needs may receive care from a physician up until age 26 or older

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2
Q

Goals of pediatric care (2)

A
  1. Optimize growth and development

2. Understand normal growth, development, and behavior

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3
Q

Key components of pediatric health promotion (7)

A
  1. Age appropriate developmental achievements
  2. Health supervision visits
  3. Integration of physical exam findings with health promotion
  4. Immunizations
  5. Screening labs and procedures
  6. Anticipatory guidance
  7. Partnership between physician, child/adolescent, and family
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4
Q

Differences in obtaining a pediatric patient’s history vs. an adult patient

A

Mainly, patient’s parent(s) are the historian, but older children may provide some of their own history

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5
Q

Components of pediatric history (5)

A
  1. Prenatal and birth history
  2. Developmental history
  3. Social history of family
  4. Environmental risks (i.e. lead exposure, mold, swimming pool at home, etc.)
  5. Immunization history
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6
Q

What may be difficult about obtaining a pediatric patient’s history?

A

Parents have preconceived ideas and concerns about child’s illness

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7
Q

Health maintenance visits must address what important general concerns? (2)

A

Medical and psychosocial

development, nutrition, growth, etc.

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8
Q

What are the subdivisions of pregnancy and birth history? (4)

A
  1. Maternal and paternal medical and genetic history
  2. Maternal past obstetric history
  3. Current antepartum and intrapartum obstetric history (i.e. how did the birth go?)
  4. Apgar scores (quantified score regarding how baby is doing after birth)
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9
Q

Other components/considerations regarding pediatric history? (2)

A
  1. Feeding history

2. Family history

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10
Q

What are the subdivisions of family history? (6)

A
  1. Developmental disabilities
  2. Congenital abnormalities or syndromes
  3. Chromosomal problems
  4. Growth problems
  5. Consanguinity
  6. Ethnic background
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11
Q

What are the subdivisions of social history? (6)

A
  1. Living situation
  2. Composition of family
  3. Pets
  4. Parents occupations
  5. Daycare
  6. Smoking
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12
Q

Understanding the normal physical, cognitive, and social development facilitates ________ ________ and ________ ________ and is the basis for distinguishing ________ from ________ findings

A

effective interviews; physical examinations; normal; abnormal

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13
Q

Understanding ________ ________ helps better focus the physician and patient interaction

A

developmental stages

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14
Q

The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) recommends that physicians and other healthcare providers use what for infants as young as several months of age?

A

Standardized Screening Instruments

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15
Q

At what ages do you assess developmental milestones? (11)

A
  1. 2 months
  2. 4 months
  3. 6 months
  4. 9 months
  5. 12 months
  6. 15 months
  7. 18 months
  8. 24 months
  9. 3 years
  10. 4 years
  11. 5 years
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16
Q

Who publishes guidelines for health supervision visits and the key age appropriate components of these visits?

A

The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics)

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17
Q

Immunizations are a mainstay for ________ ________ and have been heralded as the most ________ clinical achievement in public health worldwide

A

health promotion; significant

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18
Q

What are the pediatric age specific screenings and their associated ages? (13)

A
  1. Behavioral and mental health (all ages)
  2. Blood pressure (after age 3)
  3. BMI (after age 2)
  4. Cholesterol screening (ages 9-11 and 17-21)
  5. Dental assessments (age of first tooth; varies)
  6. Developmental screenings (at key ages)
  7. Hearing screen (birth and whenever there are concerns)
  8. Newborn metabolic screening (birth and between 1-2 weeks of age)
  9. STIs (sexually active adolescents)
  10. TB risk assessment (should be evaluated after 1 year)
  11. Vision screening (at age 3 and yearly afterwards)
  12. Lead screening (12 months and 24 months)
  13. Hemoglobin (12 months; if premature, test at birth and 4 months)
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19
Q

What is growth is an indication of? (3)

A
  1. Overall well being
  2. Status of chronic disease
  3. Interpersonal and physiologic stress
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20
Q

Babies gain approximately how many lbs a month for the next 3 months following birth?

A

2 lbs

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21
Q

Babies are expected to have doubled their birth weight by the time they are how old?

A

4-5 months

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22
Q

What is the expected weight loss in the first few days following birth?

A

Loss of 5-10% of birth weight

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23
Q

When should babies be back up to birth weight?

A

7-10 days of age

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24
Q

Babies are expected to have tripled their birth weight by the time they are how old?

A

12 months

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25
Q

Babies are expected to have quadrupled their birth weight by the time they are how old?

A

2 years

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26
Q

What is the average birth weight of a baby?

A

3.5 kg (7.7 lbs)

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27
Q

Average weight for a 1 year old baby

A

10 kg (22 lbs)

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28
Q

Average weight for a 5 year old child

A

20 kg (44 lbs)

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29
Q

Average weight for a 10 year old child

A

30 kg (66 lbs)

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30
Q

Average daily weight gain during first 3-4 months

A

20-30 g (0.7-1 oz)

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31
Q

Average daily weight gain during 5-12 months

A

15-20 g (0.5-0.7 oz)

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32
Q

Average length at birth

A

20 inches

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33
Q

Average length for a 1 year old baby

A

30 inches

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34
Q

Average length for a 3 year old child

A

3 feet

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35
Q

When is a child expected to have doubled their birth length?

A

4 years old

36
Q

Average annual height increase between age 4 and puberty

A

2-3 inches

37
Q

Average head circumference (HC) in a baby

A

35 cm

38
Q

Average increase in HC during first year

A

1 cm/month (2 cm/month during first 3 months, then slower)

39
Q

What is the average total HC increase for the rest of life?

A

10 cm

40
Q

What is the “Safe to Sleep” campaign?

A

Movement to have babies sleep in the supine position without pillows or extra bedding; aimed to combat SIDS

41
Q

Is bed sharing appropriate?

A

NO

42
Q

What is the aim of “Tummy Time”?

A

Increase shoulder girdle strength; reduce the likelihood of occiput flattening and cranial deformation as the result of the “Safe to Sleep” campaign

43
Q

Does the child have to be supervised during “Tummy Time”?

A

YES

44
Q

What is plagiocephaly? Which side is this more common?

A

Asymmetric cranium; right side

45
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

Premature closing of the sutures

46
Q

When do girls typically reach their full height?

A

2 years after their first period

47
Q

Milestone achievement is ________

A

sequential

48
Q

When are Well Child Checks (WCC) preformed?

A

birth to 72 months

49
Q

Yearly WCCs are recommended between what ages?

A

6-18 years

50
Q

Which ages are most neglected in regards to WCCs?

A

11-18 years

51
Q

Why are WCCs important? (2)

A
  1. Determines if a child is within range of normal development
  2. Helps determine if Early Intervention is needed
52
Q

What are the key developmental concepts? (8)

A
  1. Proceeds in a cephalocaudal fashion
  2. Proximal control occurs before distal control
  3. Control of the shoulders and pelvic girdle develops before reaching and standing
  4. Gross motor develops before fine motor skills
  5. Body and brain grow together
  6. Motor control is intimately entwined with communication and cognitive development
  7. Most of the foundation that allows for milestone emergence occurs in the first 10 months after birth
  8. Parents should be concerned if a baby does not appear to be acquiring early movement patterns
53
Q

Where do primitive reflexes manifest from? (2)

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

54
Q

What are primitive reflexes?

A

Stereotypic movements generated in response to specific sensory stimuli

55
Q

How long are primitive reflexes present?

A

3-6 months after birth

56
Q

What are the primitive reflexes? (4)

A
  1. Suck reflex
  2. Moro reflex
  3. Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) / “Fencing” reflex
  4. Hand grasp
57
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

Abrupt extension of an infant’s neck, symmetrical abduction and extension of the arms, and extension of the trunk, followed by adduction of the arms; occurs spontaneously after a loud noise

58
Q

The Moro reflex is associated with development of ________ ________ and is used to evaluate the integrity of the ________ and to detect ________ ________

A

cortical functioning; CNS; peripheral problems

59
Q

An asymmetrical Moro reflex may indicate what?

A

Unilateral weakness

60
Q

What is the Asymmetric Tonic Neck reflex (ATNR)?

A

An infant’s head is directed to one side and tone in the extensor muscles increase on that side and in the flexor muscles of the opposite side; think “Fencing” reflex!

61
Q

The ATNR is considered one of the first steps in the coordination of ________ and ________

A

vision; reaching

62
Q

Task: Sits alone momentarily

A

4-8 months

63
Q

Task: Rolls back to stomach

A

4-10 months

64
Q

Task: Sits steadily

A

5-9 months

65
Q

Task: Gets to sitting

A

6-11 months

66
Q

Task: Pulls to standing

A

6-12 months

67
Q

Task: Stands alone

A

9-16 months

68
Q

Task: Walks 3 steps alone

A

9-17 months

69
Q

The fine pincer grasp is observed in children by what age typically?

A

12 months

70
Q

Task: Copies circle

A

3 years

71
Q

Task: Copies square

A

4 years

72
Q

Task: Copies triangle

A

5 years

73
Q

2 month milestones (4)

A
  1. Social smile
  2. Lifts head while prone
  3. Fixes on face
  4. Smiles responsively
74
Q

4 month milestones (3)

A
  1. Laughs, coos
  2. Rolls
  3. Reaches
75
Q

6 month milestones (4)

A
  1. Babbles
  2. Sits
  3. Raking grasp
  4. Feeds self
76
Q

9 month milestones (4)

A
  1. “Mama”, “Dada”, stranger anxiety
  2. Pulls to stand
  3. Pincer grasp
  4. Plays pat-a-cake
77
Q

12 month milestones (3)

A
  1. One word, specific to mama, dada
  2. Cruises and/or walks
  3. Indicates wants, not by crying, points
78
Q

15 month milestones (3)

A
  1. 2-5 words, 1 step command
  2. Builds 2 block tower
  3. Waves goodbye
79
Q

18 month milestones (3)

A
  1. 2-word phrases
  2. Crawls up stairs
  3. Plays with others
80
Q

24 month milestones (3)

A
  1. 10-20 words, 2 step command
  2. Walks up/down stairs
  3. Parallel play
81
Q

By 2 years, ____% of speech is intelligible

A

50%

82
Q

By 3 years, ____% of speech is intelligible

A

75%

83
Q

By 4 years, ____% of speech is intelligible

A

100%

84
Q

Percentage of children in the U.S. with developmental or behavioral disabilities

A

15-18%

85
Q

Percentage of children under age 3 with some sort of delay

A

15%

86
Q

Percentage of primary care visits for children under age 3

A

45%

87
Q

What is Early Intervention?

A

Term used to describe the services and supports that are available to babies and young children with developmental delays and disabilities and their families. May include speech therapy, physical therapy, and other types of services based on the needs of the child and family.

Foundations (6 decks)

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