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Foundations > Ew Germs (micro?) > Flashcards

Ew Germs (micro?) Flashcards

1
Q

microaerophilic

A

bacteria that can tolerate a little bit of O2

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2
Q

differential solid culture (def/Eg)

A

differentiates bac based on characteristics

Eg. Blood agar– hemolytic bac will lyse RBC-visually detectable

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3
Q

non-selective/nondifferential solid culture

A

most bac will grow and will not affect the plate/medium; can’t distinguish anything about the bacteria

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4
Q

selective solid culture (def/Eg)

A

represses the growth of some bac while allowing others to grow; can make it so only certain bac will grow
Eg. Thayer-Martin Medium–> Neisseria only

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5
Q

selective and differential solid culture (def/Eg)

A

lets only certain bac grow and can select for a change in the medium that will indicate a trait about bac
Eg. MacConkey–> gram-negative grow(yellow) and bac that are able to ferment lactose will turn medium pink
s: gram-negative
d: able to ferment lactose

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6
Q

What are three ways to identify bacteria on a molecular level?

A

nucleic acid amplification(PCR), antigen detection, and mass spectrometry

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7
Q

What are some virulence factors directly involved in pathogenesis?

A

secreted toxins and enzymes, capsule, cell surface structures

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8
Q

What are some virulence factors that are indirectly involved in pathogenesis?

A

siderophores, secretion machinery, catalase, regulatory factors

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9
Q

Why do bacteria need iron?

A

They require it for replication.

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10
Q

If you have a gram + cocci bacteria, how can you tell if it is staphylococci or streptococci? What does this test do?

A

catalase test = enzyme catalase will break down hydrogen peroxide into O2
+ = bubbles
- = no rxn

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11
Q

What antibiotic is usually used to treat streptococci infections?

A

penicillin

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12
Q

Which specific streptococci is the cause of strep throat?

A

S. pyogenes

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13
Q

Clostridia is a gram + bacilli. What disease is usually associated with it?

A

gangrene

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14
Q

A division of listeria, L. monocytogenes(gram + bacilli) is usually obtained how?

A

consuming raw dairy products

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15
Q

Our normal flora is typically composed of what type of bacteria?

A

anaerobic gram + bacilli

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16
Q

What laboratory tests would be helpful if a gram + organism is suspected?

A

CBC, electrolytes, blood cultures, pro-calcitonin levels, echocardiogram(endocarditis suspected), joint aspiration(septic joint is suspected)

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17
Q

What are some physical changes/signs of a gram + infection?

A

bullous impetigo, draining sinus tract, erythema, fever, murmur, petechiae, superficial abscess, warmth

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18
Q

Which of the following is hemolytic: staph aureus or staph epidermis?

A

s. epidermis

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19
Q

What test can you perform to differentiate between s.aureus and other staph infections?

A

coagulase test
+ = s.aureus will solidify
- = still liquid

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20
Q

What diseases are commonly associated with staph aureus?

A

superficial lesions(wound infection), toxinoses(food poisoning, scaled skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome) life-threatening(endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, brain abscess, meningitis, bacteremia)

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21
Q

What virulence factors does staph aureus have?

A

adherence factors (adhesins that allow bac to attach to cells/can be specific adhesins for specific cell types) and exoproteins(exotoxins)

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22
Q

What are three main ways that staph aureus evades or uses the immune system to be infectious?

A

activation of T lymphocytes and the formation of superantigens
release of toxins that induce host cell lysis
secretes factors that inhibit neutrophil recruitment

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23
Q

What are three ways to test antibiotic susceptibility?

A

broth dilution, antimicrobial gradient, disc diffusion

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24
Q

What antibiotic acts on RNA polymerase?

A

rifampin

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25
Q

What antibiotic acts on DNA gyrase?

A

quinolones

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26
Q

What antibiotics act on folate synthesis?

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

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27
Q

What antibiotics act on beta-lactam?

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

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28
Q

What antibiotics act on the cell wall?

A

vancomycin and bacitracin

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29
Q

What antibiotics act on the cell membrane?

A

polymyxins

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30
Q

What antibiotics act on the 50s subunit?

A

macrolides, clindamycin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, and streptogramins

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31
Q

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, macrolides, streptothricin, tetracycline

32
Q

What antibiotics inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis?

A

quinolones and rifampin

33
Q

What antibiotics interfere with the cell wall?

A

beta-lactams and glycopeptides

34
Q

What antibiotics inhibit energy metabolism?

A

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

35
Q

What are some mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A

permeability changes, active efflux, enzymatic modification, degradation, acquisition of an alternate metabolic pathway, modification of antibiotic target, overproduction of target enzyme

36
Q

How can bacteria gain antibiotic-resistant genes?

A

chromosomal mutations, transformation, transfer/acquisition of new genetic material

37
Q

Why are biofilms so bad?

A

aggregates of bac are resistant to antibiotics and phagocytes

38
Q

What are four ways to classify streptococcus species?

A

colony morphology, hemolysis, biochemical rxns, serologic specificity

39
Q

Streptococcus pygenes symptoms/signs/diseases

A

pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, invasive infections, immune-mediated sequelae

40
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae signs/symptoms/diseases

A

pneumonia, meningitis, occult bacteremia

41
Q

S. pneumoniae detection?

A

beta-hemolysis, P disc sensitive(optochin sensitive aka inhibits growth), gram + cocci

42
Q

Strep. agalactiae

A 
neonates= meningitis, spesis, pneumonia
adults= vaginitis, puerperal fever, UTI, skin infection, endocarditis
43
Q

Viridans streptococci

A

endocarditis

44
Q

Enterococcus

A

UTI and biliary tract infections

45
Q

Which gram + bacilli are spore formers?

A

clostridia, bacillus(B. anthracis and B. cereus)

46
Q

What makes spores advantageous?

A

makes bac environmentally resistant, can stay inert until growing conditions are good

47
Q

Example of an anerobe

A

clostridium perfringens–> causes gas gangrene or soft tissue infections

48
Q

Gram-negative bacteria will stain ____

A

pink

49
Q

What are two main types of gram - cocci?

A

Neisseria and Moraxella

50
Q

Niesseria is oxidase _______ and catalase _______

A

+;+

51
Q

Thayer-Martin is a SELECTIVE media used to select for _______

A

Neisseria–> gonorrhoeae and meningitidis; TM agar inhibits the growth of the normal flora

52
Q

What are eight types of gram - bacilli?

A

haemophillus, aggregatibacter, actinobacillus, and pasturella, pseudomonas, burkholderia, stenotrophomonas, acinetobacter

53
Q

What gram characteristic and shape is enterobacteriaceae?

A

gram - bacilli

54
Q

food poisoning, UTIs, gastroenteritis, and newborn meningitis are all associated with which gram-negative bacteria?

A

escherichia coli aka E. coli

55
Q

lung and UTIs are associated with which gram - bacteria?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

56
Q

meningitis, lung infections, UTIs, and bloodstream infections are all associated with which gram - bacteria?

A

Klebsiella

57
Q

several types of infections in wounded soldiers are associated with which gram - bacteria?

A

Acinetobacter baumannii

58
Q

UTIs, lung infections, bloodstream infections, and food poisoning are all associated with which gram - bacteria?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

59
Q

What is the most common risk factor for gram - bacterial infections?

A

hospitalization

60
Q

What factors can increase the risk of bacterial infections?

A

recent surgery, use of a urinary catheter, war wounds, dialysis, use of a mechanical ventilator, weakend immune system

61
Q

Although symptoms of bacterial infection usually depend on location, ______ is a common sign.

A

fever

62
Q

What are some fluid tests you can run to identify bacteria?

A

blood tests/culture, urine tests/culture, sputum samples, stool samples, lumbar puncture, cultures of abscesses, skin lesions, wounds

63
Q

What are some ways to ensure a good specimen collection?

A

avoid contamination, provide an adequate volume of material, collected before antimicrobial therapy, proper/appropriate labels, transported in a timely manner

64
Q

What does MacConkey agar use to restrict growth to gram - bacteria?

A

bile salts

65
Q

Why are Enterotubes so cool?

A

you can do multiple tests on a sample at once

66
Q

What are two types of gram - spiral-shaped bacteria?

A

campylobacteraceae and helicobacteraceae

67
Q

gram - bacilli = Bordetella pertussis

A

whooping cough

68
Q

gram - bacilli = Brucella

A

brucellosis

69
Q

gram - bacilli = Francisella tularensis

A

tularemia

70
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

pneumonia, Legionnaire’s disease

71
Q

gram - bacilli = Bartonella

A

bartonellosis

72
Q

gram - bacilli = vibrio

A

vibriosis

73
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis causes …

A

3rd leading cause of bacterial ear infections in children and a variety of upper respiratory tract infections in adults (some respiratory exacerbations in pts with COPD)

74
Q

gram - bacilli = serratia marcescens

A

UTI, pneumonia, wound infections, skin and soft tissue infections, surgical site infection, bloodstream infections
Risk factors: immunosuppression, previous antimicrobial agents, indwelling endocarditis

75
Q

gram - bacilli = hemophilus influenzae

A

the primary cause of acute epiglottitis

Foundations (6 decks)

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