intro to pathology chapter 1 Flashcards
pathology
study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure or function of various organ systems
disease
pattern of body’s response to some form of injury
causes a deviation or variation of normal conditions
signs
measurable or objective manifestations of the disease process
what we can see
symptoms
those manifestations that the patient feels and can describe
what the patient is actually feeling
infections can be
iatrogenic
nosocomial
community acquired
idiopathic
iatrogentic
caused by the physician
nosocomial
developed within the health care facility
community acquired
contracted outside the healthcare facility
idiopathic
cause of the virus unknown
inflammation
initial response of body tissues to local injury
the response of inflammation consists of 4 events that occur in sequence those 4 events are
- alteration in blood flow
- migration of white blood cells
- digestion of dead cells and tissue
- repair of injury
a scar replaces an area of destroyed tissue. When there is excess collage, the result is a tumor like scar called a
keloid
what is a keloid
fibrous scar produced by strong connective tissue
granuloma
localized area of chronic inflammation
edema
accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities
localized edema
in a certain part or a specific area
generalized edema occurs most frequently in patients with
congestive heart failure
cirrhosis
renal disease
ischemia
interference with blood supply to organ which causes cells and tissues to become deprived of oxygen and nutrients
ischemia can be caused by
narrowing of arterial structures (arthorsclerosis) thrombotic occlusion (blood clot) embolic occlusion (air bubble in blood stream)
infarct
localized area of ischemic necrosis within the tissue or organ
infarct is produced by
occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage
the most common forms of infarct are
myocardial
pulmonary
progression of what leads to infarction and eventually what
progression of ischemia leads to infarction and eventually necrosis
necrosis results from
lack of blood flow
necrosis commonly occurs
in elderly patients with advanced atherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function
periods after surgery and delivery
hemorrhage
rupture of blood vessels
can be internal or external
internal hemorrhage
trapped within body tissues
also called a hematoma
the severity of a hemorrhage depends on
- how much blood is lost
- where it occurs in the body
- the rate of the blood loss
atrophy
reduction in the size or number of cells in organ or tissue
atrophy causes
a decrease in function
an example of pathologic, irreversible atrophy is
stenosis of the renal artery leading to atrophy of the kidney
hypertrophy
increase in size of cells of tissue or organ in response to demand for increased function
ex: kidney is lost and in response to this the opposite kidney increases in size to compensate
hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
what is caffey disease
inflammatory disorder in infants
dysplasia
loss in uniformity of individual cells caused by prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation
neoplasia
abnormal proliferation of cells (new growth)
neoplasms are commonly called
tumors
oncology
the study of neoplasms
benign
tumors resemble their cells of origin in structure and function
they do not spread and can be removed surgically
t or false
some benign tumors can cause problems depending on location or hormonal secretion?
true
some benign tumors can cause problems if located:
pituitary tumor
pancreas
brain/spinal chord
trachea or esophagus
malignant tumors
invade and destroy adjacent tissues or organs
spread to other places (metastisize)
cause death referred to as cancers
types of benign tumors
fibroma
chondroma
adenoma
types of malignant neoplasms
adenocarcinoma
sarcoma
seeding
diffuse spread of cancers
occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity
lymphatic system is a major
metastatic route of carcinomas
hematogenous spread
tumor cells invade blood vessels and travel as little cancer emboli and become trapped in vascular channels. cancer spreads in adjacent tissue
grading
how aggressive a tumor is or degree of malignancy. tells us whether or not it will respond to therapy
staging
extensiveness at primary site and whether or not it has metastasized yet
determines the type of therapy
epidemiology
study of determinants of disease events in given populations
morbidity
rate that an illness of abnormality occurs
mortality
reflects the number of deaths by disease per population
hereditary diseases
pass from one generation to the next through genetic info.
shows us there is abnormality in DNA
what is the most common abnormality in DNA
enzyme deficiency
mutations
alterations in DNA as a result of radiation, chemicals, or viruses
immune system
defense against invading organisms
antigens
foreign substances that body fights off
ex: bacteria, viruses, toxins
antibodies
produced by the body to fight off antigens
True or False
when antibodies are produced a person becomes immune to antigen
True
True or False
immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially
True
Naturally acquired immunity
by exposure to a certain virus/disease
artificially acquired immunity
get by an immunization
standard precautions
protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person
personal protective equipment (PPE)
gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents
Transmission based precautions
additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet or airborne transmission
