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Pathology Spring 2016 > intro to pathology chapter 1 > Flashcards

intro to pathology chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pathology

A

study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure or function of various organ systems

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2
Q

disease

A

pattern of body’s response to some form of injury

causes a deviation or variation of normal conditions

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3
Q

signs

A

measurable or objective manifestations of the disease process
what we can see

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4
Q

symptoms

A

those manifestations that the patient feels and can describe
what the patient is actually feeling

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5
Q

infections can be

A

iatrogenic
nosocomial
community acquired
idiopathic

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6
Q

iatrogentic

A

caused by the physician

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7
Q

nosocomial

A

developed within the health care facility

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8
Q

community acquired

A

contracted outside the healthcare facility

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9
Q

idiopathic

A

cause of the virus unknown

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10
Q

inflammation

A

initial response of body tissues to local injury

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11
Q

the response of inflammation consists of 4 events that occur in sequence those 4 events are

A
  1. alteration in blood flow
  2. migration of white blood cells
  3. digestion of dead cells and tissue
  4. repair of injury
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12
Q

a scar replaces an area of destroyed tissue. When there is excess collage, the result is a tumor like scar called a

A

keloid

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13
Q

what is a keloid

A

fibrous scar produced by strong connective tissue

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14
Q

granuloma

A

localized area of chronic inflammation

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15
Q

edema

A

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

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16
Q

localized edema

A

in a certain part or a specific area

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17
Q

generalized edema occurs most frequently in patients with

A

congestive heart failure
cirrhosis
renal disease

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18
Q

ischemia

A

interference with blood supply to organ which causes cells and tissues to become deprived of oxygen and nutrients

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19
Q

ischemia can be caused by

A 
narrowing of arterial structures (arthorsclerosis)
thrombotic occlusion (blood clot) 
embolic occlusion (air bubble in blood stream)
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20
Q

infarct

A

localized area of ischemic necrosis within the tissue or organ

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21
Q

infarct is produced by

A

occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

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22
Q

the most common forms of infarct are

A

myocardial

pulmonary

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23
Q

progression of what leads to infarction and eventually what

A

progression of ischemia leads to infarction and eventually necrosis

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24
Q

necrosis results from

A

lack of blood flow

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25
Q

necrosis commonly occurs

A

in elderly patients with advanced atherosclerosis or impaired cardiac function
periods after surgery and delivery

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26
Q

hemorrhage

A

rupture of blood vessels

can be internal or external

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27
Q

internal hemorrhage

A

trapped within body tissues

also called a hematoma

28
Q

the severity of a hemorrhage depends on

A
  1. how much blood is lost
  2. where it occurs in the body
  3. the rate of the blood loss
29
Q

atrophy

A

reduction in the size or number of cells in organ or tissue

30
Q

atrophy causes

A

a decrease in function

31
Q

an example of pathologic, irreversible atrophy is

A

stenosis of the renal artery leading to atrophy of the kidney

32
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells of tissue or organ in response to demand for increased function
ex: kidney is lost and in response to this the opposite kidney increases in size to compensate

33
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

34
Q

what is caffey disease

A

inflammatory disorder in infants

35
Q

dysplasia

A

loss in uniformity of individual cells caused by prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation

36
Q

neoplasia

A

abnormal proliferation of cells (new growth)

37
Q

neoplasms are commonly called

A

tumors

38
Q

oncology

A

the study of neoplasms

39
Q

benign

A

tumors resemble their cells of origin in structure and function
they do not spread and can be removed surgically

40
Q

t or false

some benign tumors can cause problems depending on location or hormonal secretion?

A

true

41
Q

some benign tumors can cause problems if located:

A

pituitary tumor
pancreas
brain/spinal chord
trachea or esophagus

42
Q

malignant tumors

A

invade and destroy adjacent tissues or organs
spread to other places (metastisize)
cause death referred to as cancers

43
Q

types of benign tumors

A

fibroma
chondroma
adenoma

44
Q

types of malignant neoplasms

A

adenocarcinoma

sarcoma

45
Q

seeding

A

diffuse spread of cancers

occurs when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity

46
Q

lymphatic system is a major

A

metastatic route of carcinomas

47
Q

hematogenous spread

A

tumor cells invade blood vessels and travel as little cancer emboli and become trapped in vascular channels. cancer spreads in adjacent tissue

48
Q

grading

A

how aggressive a tumor is or degree of malignancy. tells us whether or not it will respond to therapy

49
Q

staging

A

extensiveness at primary site and whether or not it has metastasized yet
determines the type of therapy

50
Q

epidemiology

A

study of determinants of disease events in given populations

51
Q

morbidity

A

rate that an illness of abnormality occurs

52
Q

mortality

A

reflects the number of deaths by disease per population

53
Q

hereditary diseases

A

pass from one generation to the next through genetic info.

shows us there is abnormality in DNA

54
Q

what is the most common abnormality in DNA

A

enzyme deficiency

55
Q

mutations

A

alterations in DNA as a result of radiation, chemicals, or viruses

56
Q

immune system

A

defense against invading organisms

57
Q

antigens

A

foreign substances that body fights off

ex: bacteria, viruses, toxins

58
Q

antibodies

A

produced by the body to fight off antigens

59
Q

True or False

when antibodies are produced a person becomes immune to antigen

A

True

60
Q

True or False

immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially

A

True

61
Q

Naturally acquired immunity

A

by exposure to a certain virus/disease

62
Q

artificially acquired immunity

A

get by an immunization

63
Q

standard precautions

A

protection utilized when delivering healthcare services to any person

64
Q

personal protective equipment (PPE)

A

gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents

65
Q

Transmission based precautions

A

additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet or airborne transmission

Pathology Spring 2016 (6 decks)

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