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S3 - Pathophysiology > Intro To Pathology > Flashcards

Intro To Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology:

  • Seeks out the underlying ________ (_______) of a disease.
  • Seeks to understand the _________ that result in the presenting signs and symptoms (___________).
A
  • causes (etiology)

- mechanism (pathogenesis)

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2
Q
  • Pathology seeks to identify how both the _____ and __________ appearance (___________) of cells and tissues are different from healthy tissue.
  • Pathology also links these differences to cellular, organ and/or organ system ___________.
A
  • gross, microscopic (morphology)

- dysfunction

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3
Q

Define these words:

  • Etiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphology
A 
Etiology
-The cause of a disease or condition
Pathogenesis
-Mechanism(s) that lead to a diseased state
Morphology
-Appearance
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4
Q

What is the purpose of a Pap Smear test?

A

To determine if there are pre-cancerous cells present.

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5
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A
  • Signs are any OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE of a disease such as blood in stool, skin rash, cough, chest pain
  • Symptoms are a feature that suggests a disease and it is percieved by the PATIENT such as stomach ache, lower-back pain, fatigue
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6
Q

What is the definition of morphology?

A

Study of form and structure

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7
Q

What is the definition of subclinical?

A

Not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms

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8
Q

Who can report symptoms?

A

Patient only

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9
Q

What kind of info are signs?

A

Objective information

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10
Q

What are sequela?

A

A condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury

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11
Q

What are complications?

A

An unfavorable evolution of a disease, health condition, or a therapy

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12
Q

What is resolution?

A

Reduction in the severity of a pathological state

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13
Q

An illness is a sickness or deviation from a healthy state and tends to be ______ or short term.

A

acute

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14
Q

A disease is a biological or psychological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction and tends to be ________. Diseases can occur _______ perceiving the presence of an illness.

A
  • chronic

- without

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15
Q

An acute disease has a _____ onset, is usually self limiting and can usually anticipate ______ recovery.

A
  • rapid

- full

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16
Q

Chronic diseases often result in a __________ impairement or disability and often require _____ term management.

A
  • permanent

- long

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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Preservation of a constant internal environment in a changing external environment.

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18
Q

An inability to maintain homeostasis leads to pathologies in things such as what?

A
  • Thermoregulation
  • Energy Balance
  • Serum Glucose
  • Osmoregulation
  • Acid-Base Balance
  • Blood Volume
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19
Q

The “Germ Model” is caused by a _________.

A

microorganism

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20
Q

The “Biomedical Model” is driven by a _______ and ________ relationship. This model focuses on biological factors as causative agents and largely ignores ___________ input.

A
  • cause and effect

- psychosocial

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21
Q

Which Disease Model drives the current practice of medicine?

A

Biomedical Model

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22
Q

What are some potential causes of disease in regards to the biomedical model?

A
  • Inherited/gene defects
  • Congenital defects (present at birth)
  • Exposure to toxins
  • Exposure to infectious agent
  • Trauma
  • Degenerative processes
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23
Q

The “Biopsychosocial Model” states that _______, ________, and ________ factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of a disease.

A
  • biological
  • psychological (thoughts, emotions, behaviors)
  • social (socio-economical, socioenvironmental, cultural)
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24
Q
  • A normal cell can be stressed which can lead to __________.
  • A normal cell can also be injured which can lead to either _________ or _________ injury.
A
  • adaptation

- reversible or irreversible

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25
Q

An irreversible cell injury leads to either ________ or _________.

A
  • necrosis

- apoptosis

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26
Q

Cellular ________ to an insult depends on ____, _________, and _________ of the insult.

A
  • RESPONSE

- type, severity, and duration

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27
Q

Cellular ________ of an insult depend on:

  • ______ of insult
  • ______ of cells at time of insult
  • __________ of cells
  • Genetic ______ of cells
A

-CONSEQUENCES

  • type
  • status
  • adaptability
  • makeup
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28
Q

Ideally the healing process allows for full restoration of the original cellular structure and function. However, if an injury is sufficiently serious and full restoration is not possible, what is laid down?

A

Nonfunctional CT including scar tissue (FIBROSIS)

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29
Q

CT provides structural integrity but lacks _______ capacity of original tissue. Do PTs want to limit the laying down of scar tissue (fibrosis)?

A
  • functional

- Yes

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30
Q

Mechanisms of Cell Injury:

  • ________ O2 availability
  • Ischemia/hypoxia/hypoxemia
  • Aberrant immune reactions (RA)
  • Infectious agents (lyme disease)
  • Genetic abnormalities (Cystic Fibrosis)
  • ________ imbalance (Ricketts)
  • Physical factors/Injury
  • Free radical damage
A
  • Reduced

- Nutritional

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31
Q

An ischemic insult can occur ________.

A

anywhere

32
Q
  • Ischemia is caused by reduced __________ or increase in metabolism beyond the capacity of the vascular system to deliver the _________.
  • Ischemia results in intracellular accumulation of ions and fluids i.e. ________ of cells and organelles
A
  • blood flow
  • oxygen

-swelling

33
Q

Hypoxia/Anoxia is a deficiency or absence of _______ to the tissue. ______ flow may be adequate but __ content is compromised.

A
  • oxygen
  • blood
  • O2
34
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia/anoxia:

  • Obstruction in moving air to ____
  • Inadequate movement of O2 from ____ to blood
  • Inadequate transport of O2 (anemia, blockage)
  • Inability to utilize O2 at ______ level to fuel cell processes
A
  • lung
  • lung
  • tissue
35
Q

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasm, rickettsia, protozoa, prions, and helminths are all __________ agents that can cause cell injury.

A

Infectious

36
Q

Bacteria invade tissue and release ________ (released into the surrounding medium) or _________ (remain within the bacteria and released upon cell death)

A

exotoxins or endotoxins

37
Q

Sepsis is the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in what?

A

Blood

38
Q

Septic shock is a results of _________ cell damage, _______ blood volume, and maldistribution of blood flow.

A
  • endothelial

- reduced

39
Q

Viruses physically disrupt the cell and initiate an __________ response that is inappropriate.

A

-inflammatory

40
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Body doesn’t recognize its cells and mounts an immune response, damaging healthy cells.

41
Q

Inappropriate genetic information can also cause cell injury and death by:

  • ____________ damage resulting in multiple abnormalities (Downs syndrome)
  • Single mutations which change the function of a ________ (Marfan’s syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia)
  • Gene mutations that interact with environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders
  • Epigenetics
  • ________ leading to changes in gene expression
A
  • Chromosomal
  • Protein
  • Obesity
42
Q

Caloric deficiencies, caloric excess, and caloric imbalance are all _________ deficiencies that can cause cell injury.

A

Nutritional

43
Q

Some specific nutritional deficiencies include:

  • Inadequate protein intake
  • Inadequate iron intake (_______)
  • Inadequate intake of Vitamin C (______)
  • Inadequate production of Vitamin D (_____ defects)
A
  • Anemia
  • Scurvy
  • Bone
44
Q

Rickets is a nutritional deficiency of ______ or _______.

A

Ca2+ or vitamin D

45
Q

Trauma and extremes in environmental factors such as heat, cold, or radiation are ________ factors of cell injury.

A

physical

46
Q

Pathologies cause injury to cells which make up tissues which can, in turn, reduce ______ function.

A

organ

47
Q

Mild injuries can return to preinjury state while moderate to severe will ________ restore damaged tissue and or function to preinjury state.

A

-most likely not

48
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

Disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.

49
Q

What are the 3 “types” of cell injury?

A
  • Reversible
  • Chronic
  • Irreversible
50
Q

Chronic cell injury represents an adaptation to a ________ insult and leads to _______ function.

A
  • chronic

- decreased

51
Q

Irreversible cell injury occurs secondary to _______ or ________.

A

apoptosis or necrosis

52
Q

A chronic insult may cause materials to accumulate in _____.

A

cells

53
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  • Decrease in size secondary to loss of cell substance or cell number
  • Results in a smaller organ/tissue
54
Q

Does atrophy mean cells are dead?

A

No, may have reduced functional capacity and/or reduced number of cells.

55
Q

What is the opposite of atrophy and results in increase in the size of cells/organ?

A

Hypertrophy

56
Q

Examples of PHYSIOLOGICAL vs. PATHOLOGICAL hypertrophy?

A
  • Physiological = skeletal muscle from training

- Pathological = thyroid gland enlarges as iodine levels fall

57
Q

Hyperplasia is an increase in cell ______ leading to an increase in _____ size.

A
  • number

- organ

58
Q

Hormonal hyperplasia is driven by hormones while compensatory hyperplasia is driven by ______ loss or damage.

A

tissue

59
Q

Metaplasia is where one adult cell type is ________ by another adult cell type. This arises through genetic reprogramming.

A

replaced

60
Q

By way of _________, the columnar epithelium of smokers upper airways is replaced by _________ squamous cells.

A
  • metaplasia

- stratified

61
Q

Dysplasia is a broad ambiguous term used to describe _______ tissue growth or development.

A

abnormal

62
Q

What are the 2 types of dysplasia?

A

Macroscopic (Hip Dysplasia)

Microscopic (Cancers)

63
Q

Dysplasia is characterized by:

  • Cells of ______ size
  • Cells that are _________ shaped
  • Cells with excessive __________
  • An unusual number of cells that are ________
  • ____ smears
A
  • unequal
  • abnormally
  • pigmentation
  • dividing
  • Pap
64
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction of its cells i.e. increase in cells

65
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Cells that look abnormal under a microscope

66
Q

Normal cells may become cancer cells by what order of progression?

A

Normal→ Hyperplasia→ Dysplasia→ Cancer

67
Q

What happened to our flippers in utero?

A

Cells that lied between fingers died via apoptosis, resulting in fingers.

68
Q

What provides an intrinsic, naturally occuring mechanism for killing off injured cells and is typically beneficial?

A

Apoptosis (irreversible cell injury)

69
Q

Cannibalism = _________ via lysosomal activation

A

Autophagy, the catabolism of cellular components that are non-functional or damaging

70
Q

What is the end result of autophagy?

A

“pus”

71
Q

What is a form of tissue injury that results in cell death WITHIN living tissue?

A

Necrosis

72
Q

Necrosis is caused by factors _______ to the cell or tissue and results in the _________ digestion of cell components.

A
  • external

- unregulated

73
Q

Does “housekeeping” occur during necrosis? What does this result in?

A

No, this results in the accumulation of decomposing cell debris.

74
Q

What is debridement?

A

Surgical removal of necrotic dead tissue.

75
Q

What is the order of tissue repair phases in regards to timescale?

A

Bleeding→ Inflammation→ Proliferation→ Remodeling

76
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Growth of new tissue

77
Q

What is remodeling?

A

Reorganization or renovation of existing tissues

S3 - Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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