Intro To Pathology Flashcards
Pathology:
- Seeks out the underlying ________ (_______) of a disease.
- Seeks to understand the _________ that result in the presenting signs and symptoms (___________).
- causes (etiology)
- mechanism (pathogenesis)
- Pathology seeks to identify how both the _____ and __________ appearance (___________) of cells and tissues are different from healthy tissue.
- Pathology also links these differences to cellular, organ and/or organ system ___________.
- gross, microscopic (morphology)
- dysfunction
Define these words:
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Morphology
Etiology -The cause of a disease or condition Pathogenesis -Mechanism(s) that lead to a diseased state Morphology -Appearance
What is the purpose of a Pap Smear test?
To determine if there are pre-cancerous cells present.
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
- Signs are any OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE of a disease such as blood in stool, skin rash, cough, chest pain
- Symptoms are a feature that suggests a disease and it is percieved by the PATIENT such as stomach ache, lower-back pain, fatigue
What is the definition of morphology?
Study of form and structure
What is the definition of subclinical?
Not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms
Who can report symptoms?
Patient only
What kind of info are signs?
Objective information
What are sequela?
A condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury
What are complications?
An unfavorable evolution of a disease, health condition, or a therapy
What is resolution?
Reduction in the severity of a pathological state
An illness is a sickness or deviation from a healthy state and tends to be ______ or short term.
acute
A disease is a biological or psychological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction and tends to be ________. Diseases can occur _______ perceiving the presence of an illness.
- chronic
- without
An acute disease has a _____ onset, is usually self limiting and can usually anticipate ______ recovery.
- rapid
- full
Chronic diseases often result in a __________ impairement or disability and often require _____ term management.
- permanent
- long
What is homeostasis?
Preservation of a constant internal environment in a changing external environment.
An inability to maintain homeostasis leads to pathologies in things such as what?
- Thermoregulation
- Energy Balance
- Serum Glucose
- Osmoregulation
- Acid-Base Balance
- Blood Volume
The “Germ Model” is caused by a _________.
microorganism
The “Biomedical Model” is driven by a _______ and ________ relationship. This model focuses on biological factors as causative agents and largely ignores ___________ input.
- cause and effect
- psychosocial
Which Disease Model drives the current practice of medicine?
Biomedical Model
What are some potential causes of disease in regards to the biomedical model?
- Inherited/gene defects
- Congenital defects (present at birth)
- Exposure to toxins
- Exposure to infectious agent
- Trauma
- Degenerative processes
The “Biopsychosocial Model” states that _______, ________, and ________ factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of a disease.
- biological
- psychological (thoughts, emotions, behaviors)
- social (socio-economical, socioenvironmental, cultural)
- A normal cell can be stressed which can lead to __________.
- A normal cell can also be injured which can lead to either _________ or _________ injury.
- adaptation
- reversible or irreversible
An irreversible cell injury leads to either ________ or _________.
- necrosis
- apoptosis
Cellular ________ to an insult depends on ____, _________, and _________ of the insult.
- RESPONSE
- type, severity, and duration
Cellular ________ of an insult depend on:
- ______ of insult
- ______ of cells at time of insult
- __________ of cells
- Genetic ______ of cells
-CONSEQUENCES
- type
- status
- adaptability
- makeup
Ideally the healing process allows for full restoration of the original cellular structure and function. However, if an injury is sufficiently serious and full restoration is not possible, what is laid down?
Nonfunctional CT including scar tissue (FIBROSIS)
CT provides structural integrity but lacks _______ capacity of original tissue. Do PTs want to limit the laying down of scar tissue (fibrosis)?
- functional
- Yes
Mechanisms of Cell Injury:
- ________ O2 availability
- Ischemia/hypoxia/hypoxemia
- Aberrant immune reactions (RA)
- Infectious agents (lyme disease)
- Genetic abnormalities (Cystic Fibrosis)
- ________ imbalance (Ricketts)
- Physical factors/Injury
- Free radical damage
- Reduced
- Nutritional
An ischemic insult can occur ________.
anywhere
- Ischemia is caused by reduced __________ or increase in metabolism beyond the capacity of the vascular system to deliver the _________.
- Ischemia results in intracellular accumulation of ions and fluids i.e. ________ of cells and organelles
- blood flow
- oxygen
-swelling
Hypoxia/Anoxia is a deficiency or absence of _______ to the tissue. ______ flow may be adequate but __ content is compromised.
- oxygen
- blood
- O2
What are some causes of hypoxia/anoxia:
- Obstruction in moving air to ____
- Inadequate movement of O2 from ____ to blood
- Inadequate transport of O2 (anemia, blockage)
- Inability to utilize O2 at ______ level to fuel cell processes
- lung
- lung
- tissue
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasm, rickettsia, protozoa, prions, and helminths are all __________ agents that can cause cell injury.
Infectious
Bacteria invade tissue and release ________ (released into the surrounding medium) or _________ (remain within the bacteria and released upon cell death)
exotoxins or endotoxins
Sepsis is the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in what?
Blood
Septic shock is a results of _________ cell damage, _______ blood volume, and maldistribution of blood flow.
- endothelial
- reduced
Viruses physically disrupt the cell and initiate an __________ response that is inappropriate.
-inflammatory
What is an autoimmune disease?
Body doesn’t recognize its cells and mounts an immune response, damaging healthy cells.
Inappropriate genetic information can also cause cell injury and death by:
- ____________ damage resulting in multiple abnormalities (Downs syndrome)
- Single mutations which change the function of a ________ (Marfan’s syndrome, Sickle Cell Anemia)
- Gene mutations that interact with environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders
- Epigenetics
- ________ leading to changes in gene expression
- Chromosomal
- Protein
- Obesity
Caloric deficiencies, caloric excess, and caloric imbalance are all _________ deficiencies that can cause cell injury.
Nutritional
Some specific nutritional deficiencies include:
- Inadequate protein intake
- Inadequate iron intake (_______)
- Inadequate intake of Vitamin C (______)
- Inadequate production of Vitamin D (_____ defects)
- Anemia
- Scurvy
- Bone
Rickets is a nutritional deficiency of ______ or _______.
Ca2+ or vitamin D
Trauma and extremes in environmental factors such as heat, cold, or radiation are ________ factors of cell injury.
physical
Pathologies cause injury to cells which make up tissues which can, in turn, reduce ______ function.
organ
Mild injuries can return to preinjury state while moderate to severe will ________ restore damaged tissue and or function to preinjury state.
-most likely not
What does idiopathic mean?
Disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.
What are the 3 “types” of cell injury?
- Reversible
- Chronic
- Irreversible
Chronic cell injury represents an adaptation to a ________ insult and leads to _______ function.
- chronic
- decreased
Irreversible cell injury occurs secondary to _______ or ________.
apoptosis or necrosis
A chronic insult may cause materials to accumulate in _____.
cells
What is atrophy?
- Decrease in size secondary to loss of cell substance or cell number
- Results in a smaller organ/tissue
Does atrophy mean cells are dead?
No, may have reduced functional capacity and/or reduced number of cells.
What is the opposite of atrophy and results in increase in the size of cells/organ?
Hypertrophy
Examples of PHYSIOLOGICAL vs. PATHOLOGICAL hypertrophy?
- Physiological = skeletal muscle from training
- Pathological = thyroid gland enlarges as iodine levels fall
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell ______ leading to an increase in _____ size.
- number
- organ
Hormonal hyperplasia is driven by hormones while compensatory hyperplasia is driven by ______ loss or damage.
tissue
Metaplasia is where one adult cell type is ________ by another adult cell type. This arises through genetic reprogramming.
replaced
By way of _________, the columnar epithelium of smokers upper airways is replaced by _________ squamous cells.
- metaplasia
- stratified
Dysplasia is a broad ambiguous term used to describe _______ tissue growth or development.
abnormal
What are the 2 types of dysplasia?
Macroscopic (Hip Dysplasia)
Microscopic (Cancers)
Dysplasia is characterized by:
- Cells of ______ size
- Cells that are _________ shaped
- Cells with excessive __________
- An unusual number of cells that are ________
- ____ smears
- unequal
- abnormally
- pigmentation
- dividing
- Pap
What is hyperplasia?
The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction of its cells i.e. increase in cells
What is dysplasia?
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope
Normal cells may become cancer cells by what order of progression?
Normal→ Hyperplasia→ Dysplasia→ Cancer
What happened to our flippers in utero?
Cells that lied between fingers died via apoptosis, resulting in fingers.
What provides an intrinsic, naturally occuring mechanism for killing off injured cells and is typically beneficial?
Apoptosis (irreversible cell injury)
Cannibalism = _________ via lysosomal activation
Autophagy, the catabolism of cellular components that are non-functional or damaging
What is the end result of autophagy?
“pus”
What is a form of tissue injury that results in cell death WITHIN living tissue?
Necrosis
Necrosis is caused by factors _______ to the cell or tissue and results in the _________ digestion of cell components.
- external
- unregulated
Does “housekeeping” occur during necrosis? What does this result in?
No, this results in the accumulation of decomposing cell debris.
What is debridement?
Surgical removal of necrotic dead tissue.
What is the order of tissue repair phases in regards to timescale?
Bleeding→ Inflammation→ Proliferation→ Remodeling
What is proliferation?
Growth of new tissue
What is remodeling?
Reorganization or renovation of existing tissues
