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S3 - Pathophysiology > Cardiomyopathies > Flashcards

Cardiomyopathies Flashcards

1
Q

CARDIOMYOPATHIES

A

CARDIOMYOPATHIES

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2
Q

Cardiomyopathy is a disorder within the cardiac _________ themselves which results in abnormal cellular and hence cardiac performance. This typically leads to ________ decline in cardiac function. Patients with cardiomyopathy are often candidates for __________.

A
  • myocytes
  • irreversible
  • transplantation
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3
Q

What is the most powerful risk stratifier for cardiomyopathy?

A

LVEF

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4
Q

What are the 3 most common types of cardiomyopathies?

A
  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy (enlarged ventricles)
  • Hypertrophic Cariomyopathy (thick, stiffened walls)
  • Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (stiffened walls)
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5
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy has increased heart weight, 1 or more chambers are ________ and walls are ________. This is the ______ common form of cardiomyopathy.

A
  • dilated
  • thinned
  • most common
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6
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy has impaired ________ function with cardiac enlargement. _________ is common.

A
  • systolic

- fibrosis

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7
Q

What are some causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • ETOH/toxic substances
  • Poor nutrition
  • Idiopathic
  • AIDS
  • Connective Tissue
  • Cancer Therapies
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8
Q

What are some symptoms of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnea on exertion, SOB, cough
  • Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
  • Increasing edema, weight, or abdominal girth
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9
Q

What are some signs of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate)
  • Tachycardia (increased HR)
  • Hypertension/hypotension
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10
Q

Other Pertinent Findings of Dilated Cardiomyopathy:

  • Signs of ________
  • _______________ (JVD)
  • __________ edema
  • Enlarged ______
  • Ascites or peripheral edema
A
  • hypoxia (cyanosis, clubbing)
  • jugular venous distension (JVD)
  • pulmonary edema
  • liver (hepatomegaly)
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11
Q

What does nonpharmacologic management of Dilated Cardiomyopathy look like?

A
  • sodium diet restricted to 2g/day

- fluid restriction

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12
Q

______ __________ law becomes compromised in Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

A

Frank-Starling

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13
Q

________ Cardiomyopathy is the single most common cause of death in apparently healthy young people.

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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14
Q

What characterizes Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

thick LV wall with a non-dilated cavity

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15
Q
  • In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, the resulting cardiac hypertrophy is out of proportion to the ____________ load.
  • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is associated with one or more of __ gene defects which can cause defects in sarcomeric proteins.
A
  • hemodynamic

- 9

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16
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (genetic):

  • Normal blood pressures perceived as excessive by defective ________
  • Hypertrophy occurs as a ___________ mechanism
  • Ultimately heart ____________ (decrease functional capacity)
  • Majority of cases are __________
  • First clinical manifestation is often ______ ________
A
  • myocytes
  • compensatory
  • decompensate
  • asymptomatic
  • sudden death
17
Q

When looking at Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy we should think restricted diastolic _______/loss of __________.

A
  • filling

- compliance

18
Q

What is Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy characterized by?

A

idiopathic fibrosis

19
Q

With Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy, ________ function is normal, ___s are diminished/chambers cannot expand, and ___s and __s are normal.

A
  • systolic
  • EDVs
  • ESVs and EFs
20
Q

What are the symptoms of Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy?

A
  • Dyspnea w/ exertion
  • Abdominal swelling
  • Ankle edema
  • Fatigue
21
Q

List some causes of Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy.

A
  • Scleroderma
  • Diabetes
  • Amyloidosis
  • Sarcoidosis (fibrotic scarring)
  • Hemochromatosis (excessive deposition of iron)
  • Metastatic cancers
22
Q

In regards to Valvular Disease, what is regurgitation and stenosis?

A

Regurgitation
-Valve leaflets fail to completely close or the edges do not fully meet. Permits backward flow of blood.
Stenosis
-The leaflets do not provide a full opening for blood to flow through.

23
Q

What are arrhythmias?

A

Disturbance of rate and/or rhythm.

-Disturbance of electrical currents.

24
Q
  • What is the HR of bradycardia and what are some causes?

- What is the HR of tachycardia and what are some causes?

A 
Bradycardia <50 BPM
-SA node injury
Tachycardia >100 BPM
-Fear, pain, emotion, exertion
-Fever, CHF, infection, anemia, hemorrhage, hyper thyroidism
25
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium?

A
  • Visceral Pericardium
  • Pericardial Cavity
  • Parietal Pericardium
26
Q

What is Pericarditis and what can cause it?

A

-Pericarditis is a swelling and irritation of the pericardium that may be caused by viral infection or heart attack. It is often idiopathic.

27
Q
  • How is pain worsened with Pericarditis?

- How is it lessened?

A
  • Worsened by lying supine or inhaling deeply.

- Lessened by leaning forward.

28
Q
  • What is Myocarditis?
  • What is it usually caused by?
  • What can it lead to?
A
  • Inflammation of the myocardium
  • Viral infection
  • HF, arrhythmia, sudden death
29
Q

An ________ is an abnormal stretching (dilation) in the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart with a diameter that is at least __% greater than normal.

A
  • aneurysm

- 50%

30
Q
  • How are Aneurysms named?

- Where can they occur?

A
  • According to the specific site of formation.

- Anywhere

31
Q

What is a False Aneurysm?

A

The wall ruptures, and a blood clot is retained in an outpouching of tissue.

32
Q

What are the 4 things that can lead to Diabetic Heart Disease?

A
  1. ) Metabolic effects due to FFA, insulin resistance.
  2. ) Structural: myocardial fibrosis and ECM changes.
  3. ) Reduced perfusion due to small vessel disease.
  4. ) Autonomic dysfunction reduced HRR.
33
Q

Is aerobic exercise a common therapeutic intervention to treat patients with cardiac disease.

A

Yes

S3 - Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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