Cardiomyopathies Flashcards
CARDIOMYOPATHIES
CARDIOMYOPATHIES
Cardiomyopathy is a disorder within the cardiac _________ themselves which results in abnormal cellular and hence cardiac performance. This typically leads to ________ decline in cardiac function. Patients with cardiomyopathy are often candidates for __________.
- myocytes
- irreversible
- transplantation
What is the most powerful risk stratifier for cardiomyopathy?
LVEF
What are the 3 most common types of cardiomyopathies?
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy (enlarged ventricles)
- Hypertrophic Cariomyopathy (thick, stiffened walls)
- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (stiffened walls)
Dilated Cardiomyopathy has increased heart weight, 1 or more chambers are ________ and walls are ________. This is the ______ common form of cardiomyopathy.
- dilated
- thinned
- most common
Dilated Cardiomyopathy has impaired ________ function with cardiac enlargement. _________ is common.
- systolic
- fibrosis
What are some causes of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
- ETOH/toxic substances
- Poor nutrition
- Idiopathic
- AIDS
- Connective Tissue
- Cancer Therapies
What are some symptoms of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea on exertion, SOB, cough
- Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Increasing edema, weight, or abdominal girth
What are some signs of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
- Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate)
- Tachycardia (increased HR)
- Hypertension/hypotension
Other Pertinent Findings of Dilated Cardiomyopathy:
- Signs of ________
- _______________ (JVD)
- __________ edema
- Enlarged ______
- Ascites or peripheral edema
- hypoxia (cyanosis, clubbing)
- jugular venous distension (JVD)
- pulmonary edema
- liver (hepatomegaly)
What does nonpharmacologic management of Dilated Cardiomyopathy look like?
- sodium diet restricted to 2g/day
- fluid restriction
______ __________ law becomes compromised in Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Frank-Starling
________ Cardiomyopathy is the single most common cause of death in apparently healthy young people.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
What characterizes Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
thick LV wall with a non-dilated cavity
- In Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, the resulting cardiac hypertrophy is out of proportion to the ____________ load.
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is associated with one or more of __ gene defects which can cause defects in sarcomeric proteins.
- hemodynamic
- 9
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (genetic):
- Normal blood pressures perceived as excessive by defective ________
- Hypertrophy occurs as a ___________ mechanism
- Ultimately heart ____________ (decrease functional capacity)
- Majority of cases are __________
- First clinical manifestation is often ______ ________
- myocytes
- compensatory
- decompensate
- asymptomatic
- sudden death
When looking at Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy we should think restricted diastolic _______/loss of __________.
- filling
- compliance
What is Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy characterized by?
idiopathic fibrosis
With Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy, ________ function is normal, ___s are diminished/chambers cannot expand, and ___s and __s are normal.
- systolic
- EDVs
- ESVs and EFs
What are the symptoms of Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy?
- Dyspnea w/ exertion
- Abdominal swelling
- Ankle edema
- Fatigue
List some causes of Restrictive/Infiltrative Cardiomyopathy.
- Scleroderma
- Diabetes
- Amyloidosis
- Sarcoidosis (fibrotic scarring)
- Hemochromatosis (excessive deposition of iron)
- Metastatic cancers
In regards to Valvular Disease, what is regurgitation and stenosis?
Regurgitation
-Valve leaflets fail to completely close or the edges do not fully meet. Permits backward flow of blood.
Stenosis
-The leaflets do not provide a full opening for blood to flow through.
What are arrhythmias?
Disturbance of rate and/or rhythm.
-Disturbance of electrical currents.
- What is the HR of bradycardia and what are some causes?
- What is the HR of tachycardia and what are some causes?
Bradycardia <50 BPM -SA node injury Tachycardia >100 BPM -Fear, pain, emotion, exertion -Fever, CHF, infection, anemia, hemorrhage, hyper thyroidism
What are the layers of the pericardium?
- Visceral Pericardium
- Pericardial Cavity
- Parietal Pericardium
What is Pericarditis and what can cause it?
-Pericarditis is a swelling and irritation of the pericardium that may be caused by viral infection or heart attack. It is often idiopathic.
- How is pain worsened with Pericarditis?
- How is it lessened?
- Worsened by lying supine or inhaling deeply.
- Lessened by leaning forward.
- What is Myocarditis?
- What is it usually caused by?
- What can it lead to?
- Inflammation of the myocardium
- Viral infection
- HF, arrhythmia, sudden death
An ________ is an abnormal stretching (dilation) in the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart with a diameter that is at least __% greater than normal.
- aneurysm
- 50%
- How are Aneurysms named?
- Where can they occur?
- According to the specific site of formation.
- Anywhere
What is a False Aneurysm?
The wall ruptures, and a blood clot is retained in an outpouching of tissue.
What are the 4 things that can lead to Diabetic Heart Disease?
- ) Metabolic effects due to FFA, insulin resistance.
- ) Structural: myocardial fibrosis and ECM changes.
- ) Reduced perfusion due to small vessel disease.
- ) Autonomic dysfunction reduced HRR.
Is aerobic exercise a common therapeutic intervention to treat patients with cardiac disease.
Yes
