Intro To Pathology Flashcards
Why do we need to know pathology as physical therapists?
We need to know how this particular disease affects the persons, functional abilities and outcomes
We need to know how it will affect their response to therapeutic exercise
I need to know what precautions should be taken
Should vital signs be monitored
How does it affect the treatment plan
Distinguish relevant from non-relevant pathologies
Health
State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
Homeostasis
Equilibrium in all cells, tissues, and systems
Disease
State of disequilibrium
Physiology
Study of the normal function of the body
Pathophysiology
Study of Physiological processes leading to disease
Pathology
Study of general disease
etiology
Study of the cause of the disease
Risk factors
Predispose an individual to the development of a disease
Not equivalent to a cause
Increase chance of developing a disease
Can be, environmental, chemical, physiological, psychological, or genetic
Number one cause of death by age
Ages 1 to 44 unintentional injuries
Age 45 to 64 cancer and heart disease
Age 65 and over is heart disease and cancer
Heart disease risk factors
Risk factors include tobacco, use, elevated cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle
Malignant neoplasms risk factors
Also known as cancer
Tobacco use, improper diet, alcohol, occupational and environmental exposure
Chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease COPD
Lower respiratory diseases risk factors
Tobacco use
Occupational and environmental exposure
Cerebrovascular accident CVA risk factors
High blood pressure, tobacco, use, and elevated cholesterol
Accidental injuries, risk factors
Seatbelt non use
helmet non-use
Alcohol and substance abuse
Reckless driving
Occupational hazards
Guns in the home
Stress and fatigue
Consequences of tobacco usage
Increased heart rate
Vasoconstriction
Decreased oxygen to the heart
Increased risk of thrombosis
Loss of appetite
Poor wound healing
Effects of alcohol abuse
Cerebellar degeneration
Cancer
Impaired diffusion, chronic obstruction, pulmonary disease, infection tuberculosis
Hepatitis, cirrhosis fatty liver
Osteoporosis
Myopathies
Sterility peripheral neuropathy’s
Pancreatitis
Cardiomyopathy
Abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
And more
Obesity
It’s defined as weight greater than 20% of the desirable weight for adults given their sex, body structure and height
Excessive accumulation of fat in the body. If there’s not an excess fat in the body, it’s not considered obese
Two types of obesity
Exogenous the excessive caloric intake
Endogenous the inherent, metabolic problems; less than one percent of the population
Genetic factors of obesity
Consensus that several genes are involved in controlling weight
Hyperplasia greater than normal number of fat cells
Hyper trophy greater than normal size of fat cells
Signs v symptoms
Signs- Or objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination
This includes high blood pressure, decreased oxygen, dehydration
Symptoms- subjective indications of disease reported by the patient. This includes dizziness, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting.
Syndrome
Signs and symptoms occur concurrently
Objective evidence of disease
Urinalysis, blood chemistry electrocardiography
Radiography
Diagnostic imaging techniques
Biopsy
Physical examination
Medical history
Family history
Medication history
Prognosis
The predicted course and outcome of the disease
State the chance for complete recovery
Predict the permanent loss of function
Probability of survival
Course
Acute- quick onset, short duration ex. Influenza, measles, and common cold.
Chronic – a disease may begin insidiously and be long lived ex. arthritis
Terminal – that disease that will end in death
Stage of disease
Remission – signs and symptoms subside
Exacerbation – recur in all severity
Relapse-returns weeks or months later
Complications
Diseases from diseases,
for example kidney failure secondary to diabetes
Sequela
Aftermath of disease
For example, paralysis, following polio
Mortality v morbidity
Mortality - Measure of death attributed to disease
Morbidity -measure of disability
Treatment of disease
Cure disease by removing the cause it possible
Depends on the nature of the disease, characteristics of the patient and goals of the doctor and patient
Not all diseases are careful
You can also have palliative care which is designed to relieve and manage symptoms as well as provide comfort and quality of life
Disease prevention
Non-smoker, appropriate diet, active lifestyle, sun protection, cancer screening, check ups and home and work safety
Primary prevention
Removing a reducing disease risk factors
Disease → immunizations
Trauma → seatbelts, and helmets
Morbidity→ stop smoking and drinking
Osteoporosis → calcium and exercise
Secondary prevention
Early detection preventative measures to avoid further complications
For tuberculosis you take skin test
Take a screening tests like mammography colonoscopy Pap smears
Tertiary prevention
This is the physical therapies focus
Limiting impact of establish disease
like cancer, you’d use chemotherapy and radiation and ALC rupture you would use surgical reconstruction
Involves rehabilitation
highest possible level of function
Prevents severe disability
May end, if no further healing is expected
