Immunity And Lymphatic System

Question 1

Immunology

Answer 1

Study of the physiologic mechanisms by which the body recognizes foreign materials, and works to neutralize or eliminate them

Question 2

Antigen

Answer 2

Any foreign substance in the body that does not have a characteristic cell surface markers of that individual it is also capable of eliciting an immune response

When encountering an antigen, the main system recognizes it as non-self, and there is an appropriate immune response against the antigen

Question 3

Types of immunity

Answer 3

Innate which is nonspecific immunity
acquired, which is specific immunity

Question 4

Innate immunity

Answer 4

Intact skin, mucosal barriers is the body’s first line of defense to prevent the entry of pathogens
inflammatory response
Fever

Question 5

Inflammatory response

Answer 5

Innate immunity
protective tissue response to injury or invasion
Vascular changes, arterioles and capillaries dilate, hyperemia
Causes heat and redness
Increase blood flow equals increased leukocytes (neutrophils) to defend against invaders
Speed healing process by engulfing cell debris, by phagocytosis
Damaged tissue releases histamine, which increases cell permeability
Swelling increased pressure on nerve endings is pain

Question 6

Histamine role

Answer 6

Damaged tissue releases histamine, which increases cell permeability
This allows white blood cells and plasma to escape capillaries and enter the damaged tissue

Question 7

Suppurative inflammation

Answer 7

Pyogenic bacteria (pus)

Question 8

Steps of inflammatory response

Answer 8

Dirty nail puncture skin
Bacteria enter and multiply
Injured cells, release, histamine
Blood vessels dilate, and become permeable, releasing inflammatory exudate
Blood flow to the damage site increases
Neutrophils move towards bacteria and destroy them

Question 9

Wound healing

Answer 9

Regeneration, which is the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of cells
Fibrosis, where fibroblast produce collagen fibers from a meshwork which result in scar tissue, and can be raised and hard, also known as a keloid

Question 10

Acquired immunity

Answer 10

Specific immunity
Lymphatic system
Acts as bodys second line of defense to recognize and destroy foreign substances, and to prevent the proliferation of mutant cells

Uses specificity and memory
The body produces a specific response to the invader, immune system has a memory so if the same organism is countered again there is a more rapid response.

Question 11

Passive acquired immunity

Answer 11

Receipt of protective substances produced by another human or animal

Question 12

Active acquired immunity

Answer 12

Immunity develops, following direct exposure to the pathogenic agent
Immunizations or vaccinations are special types of active acquired immunity

Question 13

Lymphatic system

Answer 13

Spleen- major lymph filter, hemopoiesis
Lymph nodes- initial filter within lymphatic system
Lymphocytes -widely distributed throughout the body

Question 14

B lymphocytes

Answer 14

Acquired immunity
Humoral immunity lymphocytes, originate in stem cells in bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma, cells are memory cells, dormant until activated by the same antigen
More potent and rapid response
Secrete antibodies into the blood stream – plasma proteins, called immunoglobins
Particularly used in fighting bacterial infections

Question 15

T lymphocytes

Answer 15

Cell mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper, T cells
Suppressor T cells
Mature in thymus gland
Affected by HIV and AIDS

Question 16

Cell mediated t lymphocytes

Answer 16

T cells interact directly with their targets attacking body cells, invaded by pathogens
Responsible for continual recognition and removal of bacteria, viruses fungi, parasites, tumors and foreign tissue
Is responsible for rejection of transplant, tissue hypersensitivity, and auto immune diseases

Question 17

How do T lymphocytes contribute to the immune system?

Answer 17

Turn the system on and off

When turning it on the cytotoxic T cells and helper, T cells are natural killers of cells. They directly attack and kill invader cells, and sometimes normal cells as well

when they turn the system off the suppressor T cells stop all cytotoxic T cell functions, therefore, reducing the immune response this is important to have when the bodies immune system is attacking its own normal tissue

Question 18

Leukocytes

Answer 18

White blood cells
Protect the body against foreign invasion
Infection stimulates white blood cell production

Question 19

Types of leukocytes

Answer 19

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte

Question 20

Neutrophil

Answer 20

Most numerous of the white blood cells
Kills organisms by phagocytosis
Neutrophils die, following phagocytosis
Accumulation of dead neutrophils contribute to the formation of pus

Question 21

Monocytes

Answer 21

Macrophages, large eaters
Participate in phagocytosis
Identify antigens as foreign invaders can introduce the pathogen to lymphocytes stimulating specific immune response
Stimulation of macrophages can boost immune system

Question 22

Lymphocytes

Answer 22

Help kill tumor cells and control immune responses

Question 23

Eosinophils and basophils

Answer 23

Allergic reactions and parasitic infestations

Question 24

Infectious disease in developed countries and developing countries

Answer 24

Accounts for one out of 10 deaths in developed countries
Accounts for six out of 10 deaths in developing countries

Question 25

Contagious disease two types

Answer 25

Communicable, transmitted from he went to human like measles or influenza
Non-communicable, not transmit it directly from humans like rabies or cholera

Question 26

Epidemiology

Answer 26

Study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution and control of disease

Question 27

Incidence

Answer 27

Number of new cases of a disease in a population

Question 28

Prevalence

Answer 28

Number of existing cases

Question 29

Reservoir

Answer 29

The source of an infectious agent, such as humans, animals, insects, soil, and water

Question 30

Horizontal transmission

Answer 30

Infectious disease is transmitted directly from an infected person to a susceptible person

Question 31

Vertical transmission

Answer 31

Occurs from one generation to the next

Question 32

Parenteral route of transmission

Answer 32

Occurs through a port of entry

Question 33

Fomites

Answer 33

Inanimate objects that are contaminated by direct contact with the reservoir

Question 34

Viruses

Answer 34

Cellular organisms made up of only in RNA or DNA nucleus covered with proteins
Completely dependent on host cells

Cannot replicate unless they invaded host cell and stimulate it to participate in the formation of additional virus particles

Not susceptible to antibiotics cannot be destroyed pharmacologically, antivirals might mitigate

Question 35

Bacteria

Answer 35

Single celled micro organisms with well defined cell walls
Can grow independently without the need for other cells
Can mutate and develop insensitivity or resistance to antibiotics

Question 36

Staphylococcus infections

Answer 36

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial pathogens normally residing on the skin
Inoculated into deeper tissues where it causes suppurative infections
Spread through direct contact with colonized surfaces or persons
It cannot invade through intact skin or mucous membranes, usually invades through traumatic event
It’s not easily removed by scrubbing

Question 37

Group A streptococci

Answer 37

One of the most frequent bacterial pathogens of humans of any age
Causes diseases of many organ systems
Bacteria, invade, and cause tissue necrosis creating an acute inflammatory response
Examples include strep throat , necrotizing, fasciitis, cellulitis, and myositis

Question 38

Group B streptococci

Answer 38

Leading cause of neonatal, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis
Common cause of community acquired pneumonia

Question 39

Pseudomonas

Answer 39

Major opportunistic, pathogen, and one of the most antibiotic resistant bacteria
Most frequent hospital, or nursing home acquired infection (nosocomial)
Thrives on moist environmental surfaces
This infections have a characteristic fruity odor
Fight infections include skin and soft tissue the central nervous system and bone and joints
Is a transient organism, unable to survive more than 24 hours on the skin
It is easily removed by washing with soap, water, and friction

Question 40

Gangrene

Answer 40

The death of body tissue due to loss of vascular supply, followed by bacterial infection, and putrefaction.
It can be dry, moist gas, and all of which need to be quickly recognized and treated to prevent further loss of tissue digits or limb

Question 41

Nosocomial infections

Answer 41

Also known as hospital acquired infections
About 1.7 million patients in the US contract a hospital base infection each year.
About 99,000 deaths in the US per year
The principle roots of transmission is direct contact transmission from healthcare staff to patient and indirect contact transmission through the hospitals by ventilation system