Intro To Patho Flashcards
Objective findings, as perceived by examiner
Signs
Functional manifestation of the disease
Symptom
Visible changes produced by the disease in the tissue or organ
Lesion
Sudden worsening of the signs and symptoms during the course of a disease
Exacerbation
Disease becomes less intense, but not cured
Remission
Remote after effects of a disease
Sequelae
Causes of disease: genetic, acquired, multi factorial, etc
Etiology
Mechanisms of disease development - cellular, biochemical, and molecular events following exposure of cells/tissues to an injurious agent
PAthogenesis
Structural alterations induced in the cells and organs: gross and microscopic
Morphological changes
Functional consequences of the morphological changes
Clinical significance
Sudden onset, or in a rapid course
Acute
Slow onset & long duration or having a long course
Chronic
Acute, fatal disease
Fulminating
Disease with unknown cause
Idiopathic
Caused by physician or medication
Iatrogenic
Occurs during the course of another disease
Inter current
Diseases caused by drugs which cross the placenta and the fetus
Teratogenic
PAthology concerned with basic Rxn of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie
General pathology
PAthology that describes specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to defined stimuli
Systemic pathology
Well-circumscribed meaning
Restricted to one area
Defined boundaries
Poorly circumscribed description
Not-restricted to area
Spread out
Necrosis in a curved, snakelike formation
Serpentigious necrosis
If a microscope slide shows cells with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, how would you describe the cells?
A. Proliferating
B. Necrotic
C. Apoptotic
D. Lymphocytes
A. Proliferating
A Pap smear is considered what type of study?
Cytology - study of cells
What type of microscopy is typically used for formalin fixed/H&E stained specimen?
A. TEM
B. Dark field microscopy
C. Light microscopy
D. Confocal microscopy
C. Light microscopy
What is the Periodic acid shift stain used to stain? (Hint: can give insight into kidney filtration)
A. Nuclei
B. Basement membrane
C. Astrocytes
D. Cytoplasm
B. Basement membrane
What stain is used to visualize the brain? Typically used to ID neurofibrillary tangles and sensible plaques in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. PAS stain
B. H&E stain
C. Actin stain
D. Silver stain
D. Silver stain
Cytoskeleton location analysis is used to visualize:
A. Cytoplasm
B. Nuclei
C. Cell membrane
D. ER
C. Cell membrane
Immunohistochemistry involves:
At-Ab specific Rxn
What stain can be used to ensure that a sample is smooth muscle?
Actin stain
Smooth muscle is Actin (+)
What type of test allows quantitative and qualitative analysis; measures particle’s/cell’s size, granularity, internal complexity, relative fluorescent intensity; and can help with the classification of WBCs by determining CD expression? It also involves fluorescent markers, laser beam, and then converts fluorescent lie emitted and converts light to a digital signal.
Flow cytometry
3D images of living cell using laser beam focused on small areas of cell at a time all over cell
Confocal microscopy
What is used to determine diameter, circumferences, area, volume, and morphology of nuclei?
Image analysis
What technique is used to amplify DNA and so that it can then by analyzed using electrophoresis?
PCR
Technique used that utilizes “micro-reactors” that can sense specific analyze such as protein, enzyme, or Ab. Can perform thousands of biological rxns in seconds.
A. Biochip technique
B. PCR
C. DNA sequencing
D. Electrophoresis
A. Biochip
Deterring disease by examining cells and tissues from the body?
Pathological diagnosis
IDing diseases from patient’s history and physical examination
Clinical diagnosis
IDing diseases by images of the body
Radiologic diagnosis
VINDICATE acronym
Vascular Infectious, inflammatory Neoplastic Degenerative Idiopathic, Intoxication, Iatrogenic Congenital, genetic Autoimmune, allergies Trauma, toxins Endocrine
Etiological factors that include:
Physical agents - radiation, trauma, thermal Chemical - chemicals, toxins, poison Nutritional defic Nutritional excess Infections Abnormal immunological manifestations Psych factors
Environmental factors
Factors of etiology that include:
Abnormal genes
Mutations
Genetic factors
Predisposing factors of disease that include:
Age Sex Environment Race Climate Habits Socioeconomic
Indirect factors
