Intro to Oxygenation

Question 1

what is three mechanism of airflow?

Answer 1

circulation, ventilation, respiration

Question 2

what is ventilation, what disease process cause ventilation problems?

Answer 2

it is the process of exhalation and inhalation, the mechanism of air going into the lungs
Alteration-pneumonia, cystic fibrosis

Question 3

What is respiration? what disease process cause respiratory problem?

Answer 3

define as the actual exchange of O2 and CO2. respiratory disease–COPD, emphysema, asthma, obstruction to alveoli (stridor sound).

Question 4

definition of circulation? what disease process cause circulation problem relation to oxygenation?

Answer 4

the delivery of oxygen in the blood to the whole body.

Alteration-anemia, pulmonary embolism

Question 5

what is the main function and protective mechanism of upper respiratory system?

Answer 5

Air can come in through the nose, nose have cilia and nose hair which can filter out the air. if there is irritant, it can
Air coming in through the mouth- mouth is use to chew food and can breath air in. The epiglottis is a tissue that cover the trachea so that food will not go in there when eating.

Question 6

what problems can arise when taking care of patient with a trachea?

Answer 6

trach insert air straight into the trachea which bypass the defensive mechanism of the upper respiratory. They are more prone to aspiration pneumonia, the food can go into the windpipe causing pneumonia.

Question 7

what is the lower respiratory system comprise of?

Answer 7

from the upper respiratory, air comes in through the trachea, bifurcation then bronchioles then alveoli. The cilia on the trachea able to trap bacteria and carinia initiate coughing reflex to cough it out.

Question 8

How do the body get ride of infection?

Answer 8

The body will try to flush out the mechanism as much as possible. It will increase liquid to dilute the infection, and try to flush it out by increase the BP, go into inflammatory process, and coagulation cascade, even increasing mucous production so that they can cough out the bacteria.

Question 9

what kind of support does the trachea, bronchioles, and alveoli have?

Answer 9

the trachea and bronchioles is supported by the C-cartilage and smooth muscle. The smaller bronchioles and alveoli is only supported by smooth muscle

Question 10

what is some protective mechanism does lower respiratory have?

Answer 10

surfactant-liquid that produce by the alveoli to reduce surface tension and allow it to contract and relax without sticking to other alveoli.
mast cell-can release histamine and initiate inflammatory response

Question 11

whats the main purpose of lower respiratory?

Answer 11

o2 and co2 gas exchange, an act of respiration

Question 12

what happen to make gas exchange possible.

Answer 12

there is greater o2 and less co2 in the alveoli compare to the capillaries that have less o2 and greater co2 so they exchange gas from high concentration to low concentration area.

Question 13

what mechanism in the body tells us how to breath?

Answer 13

body have a hypoxic drive-medulla and pons are sensitive to co2 changes, not enough to change pH but brain will induce inhalation process

Question 14

what should you assess when a patient is chronic hypoxemia?

Answer 14

is the patient CO2 retainer? what is their CO2 and O2 baseline? Are they a mouth breather or nose breather.

Question 15

normal RR? for adults and Elderly

Answer 15

adults- 10-20 breath/minute

Elderly- 12/24 breath/min

Question 16

what abnormality can cause alteration to ventilation-perfusion relationship?

Answer 16

partial blockage of the airway, physiologic shunting, capillary obstruction, dead space

Question 17

what cause bronchiole constriction or partial blockage? how do you prevent that?

Answer 17

causes-mucus plug, foreign matter

prevention-cough and deep breathing exercises, deep suctioning

Question 18

what can cause capillary obstruction or dead space? How do you prevent it

Answer 18

causes of embolism–(clot, air, fat)

prevention–SCD, clear IV lines of air bubbles, Lovenox, heparin

Question 19

bradypnea, what would the patient look like?

Answer 19

RR less than 10 breath/min which result in hypoventilation

Question 20

tachypnea, what does patient look like?

Answer 20

greather than 20 breath/min, pt hyperventilating

Question 21

Kussmal breathing

Answer 21

Fast breathing with period of apnea bc pt trying to blow CO2. occur with metabolic acidosis

Question 22

cheyne-stokes

Answer 22

death rattle

Question 23

dyspnea

Answer 23

labor breathing, SOB that is uncomfortable or painful, happen when breathing does not meet o2 demand

Question 24

orthopnea

Answer 24

difficulty breathing when a person is supine

Question 25

stridor

Answer 25

high pitch sound within the trachea and larynx, means narrowing of tracheal passage

Question 26

fine crackles

Answer 26

high-pitch popping sound, like rice crispy crackles. Crackles are heard on inspiration due to fluid resulting from inflammation and atelectasis.

Question 27

atelectasis-def

Answer 27

collapse of lung tissue affect all or part a lung, impairing gas exchange.
cause-obstruction of the bronchus serving the affected area

Question 28

rhonchi

Answer 28

“hoarse crackles”

Question 29

what is the normal ABG?

Answer 29

ph 7.35-7.45
CO2 35-45
02 80-100
HCO3 22-26

Question 30

how do you give the patient oxygen?

Answer 30

less invasive to most invasive 1.nasal canula- o2 1-6 L/min

2. oxymizer- 1-6 L/min
3. simple face mask 5-10 L/min
4. nonrebreather mask- 10-16 L/min, o2 concentration
5. vapotherm ; 1-40% L/min 24-100% oxygen concentration