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Surgery > Intro to orthopedic Surgery > Flashcards

Intro to orthopedic Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone is deposited in sites subjected to stress and is resorbed from sites where there is little stress

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2
Q

Bone Growth/remodeling

Length

A

Endochondral ossification
articular cartilage
epiphysial plate cartilage

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3
Q

Bone Growth/Remodeling

Width

A

intramembranous ossification in the deeper layers of the periosteum osteoblasts

simultaneous osteoclastic resorption in endosteum

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4
Q

Sydesmosis

A

bones joined by fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

Synchondrosis

A

held together by boney plates (bound by layer of cartilage)

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6
Q

Synostosis

A

bone replaces ligamentous tissue (fusion of adjacent bones)

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7
Q

Symphysis

A

hyaline cartilage - no synovial membranes

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8
Q

Synovial

A

Hyaline cartilage + capsule of fibrous tissue between

synovial fluid present

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9
Q

Avulsion fracture

A

Bone pulls off

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10
Q

Closed fracture

A

Not open to outside environment

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11
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

many pieces

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12
Q

Displaced fracture

A

parts no longer in close proximation

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13
Q

Epiphyseal Fracture

A

through the epiphysis (ONLY IN CHILDREN)

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14
Q

Fatigue Fracture

A

Caused by constant stress

think of bending clothes hanger back and forth - eventually it breaks

New army recruit = Marching fracture

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15
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

CHILDREN

Bone splinters on one side and stays together on the other

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16
Q

Impacted fracture

A

Bone shoved into itself

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17
Q

Intraarticular fracture

A

fractures into the articular surface - must me put back together perfectly to prevent arthritis

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18
Q

Occult fracture

A

Hidden (found on MRI or Bone Scan )

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19
Q

Open

A

Communicating with outside

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20
Q

Pathologic

A

going through weak bone (ex: tumor)

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21
Q

Torus

A

CHILDREN

Buckle Fracture

22
Q

Nonunion

A

bone doesnt heal (requires surgery to clean it out)

23
Q

Subluxation

A

snaps over to the side

24
Q

Fractures do not _____ the ____

A

Fractures do not DISLOCATE they DISPLACE (shorten, angulate, rotate, etc)

25
Q

Initial Fracture care

A

Correct significant misalignment
Splinting
RICE
Neurocirculatory monitoring

26
Q

When splinting which joints should be immobilized

A

the joint above and the joint below the fracture

27
Q

Describe the healing of bone

A

Healing starts instantly

Hematoma forms then calous forms (builds bridge)

osteoclasts come in and clean up

eventually callous smooths back out into original bone

28
Q

Benefits of closed reduction

A

1: Avoids stripping of periosteum(where blood supply is)
2: Decreases chance of infection
3: No scar

29
Q

Indicatiosn for open reduction (ORIF)

A

Intra-articular fractures

Irreducible fractures

Unstable fractures

Early Mobilization

Certain Physeal Fractures

30
Q

most common fracture of childhood

A

Colle’s Fracture

31
Q

Compartment Syndrome Symptoms

A

Pain in passive stretching

Sensort loss

Tenseness of involved compartment (swelling)

** only have 4-6 hours to recognize the signs

32
Q

Most common sites of compartment Syndrome

A

Metatarsals
Forearms
Legs (tibial fractures)

33
Q

Fracture Aftecare

A

1: Ice and Elevation
2: observe for compartment syndrome
3: Early motion

34
Q

Frequency of x-rays with fractures

A

weekly for 2-3 weeks

35
Q

How do fractures differ in children compared to adults

A

1: Less complicated
2: Almost always treated closed
3: Nonunion is rare

36
Q

Fractures in children are almost always treated _____

A

closed

37
Q

Principles of treatment for fractures in children

A

PT is not usually necessary

Sprains are rare in children

Nonunion is almost impossible

Malposition may not be correctable after 7-10 days

38
Q

Two types of epiphyses

A

Traction epiphysis

Pressure epiphysis

39
Q

Traction epiphysis

A

contribute to contour but little to longitudinal growth

iliac crest and trochanters

40
Q

Pressure epiphysis

A

contribute to longitudinal growth

occur at ends of long bones

41
Q

Most common type of Salter Harris Fracture

A

Type II

42
Q

weakest zone/layer

A

zone III (zone of hypertrophy)

43
Q

Epiphyseal Zones

A

Germinal (next to joint)
Proliferation
Hypertrophy
Provisional calcification

44
Q

Epiphyseal Fractures

A

Through the weakest zone (III)

Usually transverse

45
Q

When to refer fractures in children:

A

Suprcondylar fractures of humerus

Lateral condylar fractures of humerus

Epiphyseal fractures III, IV, V

Radial Head and neck fractures

46
Q

When to refer fractures in adults

A

Both bones of forearm or displaced single forearm bone

Displaced malleolar or bimalleolar fracture

Supracondylar or intracondylar humerus

Displaced olecranon fracture

Displaced radial head

Fractured upper tibia

47
Q

fractures to ALWAYS refer

A

all open fractures

intra-articular fractures

all femur fractures

most fractures of both bones of lower leg in adults

Pathologic fractures

48
Q

Causes of Pathologic Fractures

A

Metastatic Tumors
Cystic lesions
Infection
Paget’s disease

49
Q

Common locations of fatigue fractures

A 
Metatarsal March Fractures 
Femoral neck (refer) 
Calcaneus
Tibia 
Fibula
50
Q

Best way to diagnose Fatigue Fractures

A

MRI

X-rays are negative early (not positive until 2-4 weeks)

Surgery (3 decks)

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