Intro to organic chemistry

Question 1

Define: organic compound

Answer 1

all covalent compounds containing carbon

Question 2

Why is carbon a versatile element?

Answer 2

Four valence electrons - bond with up to four atoms, and up to triple bonds.

Question 3

How are most organic compounds formed?

Answer 3

From crude oil - type of fossil fuel formed from the effects of heat and organic matter in the crust

Question 4

Define: hydrocarbon

Answer 4

Compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 5

Define: homologous series

Answer 5

A sequence of compounds that differ from the next by -CH2- which contain the same functional group and have the same general formula, resulting in similar chemical properties (eg. alkane, alkene, alkyne, haloalkane)

Question 6

Define: alkane

Answer 6

Hydrocarbons containing only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 7

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons - define: saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 7

Containing only single bonds

Question 8

Are alkanes, alkenes and alkynes polar?

Answer 8

NO, therefore cannot dissolve in water.

Question 9

Define: alkene

Answer 9

hydrocarbons containing atleast one double carbon-carbon bond

Question 10

Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated. Define: unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 10

Contain atleast one double carbon-carbon bond

Question 11

How are atoms arranged around the double bond in alkenes?

Answer 11

120 degrees.

Question 12

Define: alkyne

Answer 12

hydrocarbons containing atleast one triple carbon-carbon bond.

Question 13

How are atoms arranged around the alkyne?

Answer 13

LInearly - 180 degrees

Question 14

Define: functional group

Answer 14

(Group of) atoms that give the molecule containing it a characteristic set of chemical properties

Question 15

Define: haloalkane

Answer 15

alkane chains containing halogen atoms; #[…o][alkane]

Question 16

Define: amine

Answer 16

alkane chains containing a NH2 functional group [alkane-e]-#-amine

Question 17

Why do alcohols, amines have higher melting points than corresponding alkanes?

Answer 17

Bc N means hydrogen bonding can occur..

Question 18

Define: alcohol

Answer 18

alknane chains containing a hydroxyl group (OH) [alkane-e]-#-ol

Question 19

Describe the solubility of alcohol and carboxylic acids

Answer 19

Water soluble because it is polar and hydrogen bonding can occur; shorter = more soluble as more of the molecule is polar.

Question 20

Define: carboxylic acids

Answer 20

Alkane chains containing a carboxyl group (COOH) [alkane-e]oic acid

Question 21

How is the O-H-O bond in the carboxyl group arranged?

Answer 21

Trigonal planar

Question 22

Why do carboxylic acids have higher melting points than alcohols?

Answer 22

There are 2 O’s so more hydrogen bonds can occur

Question 23

Define: dimer

Answer 23

Hydrogen bonding between two carboxylic acid molecules.

Question 24

Define: esters

Answer 24

Formed in a condensation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol [alcohol chain named as a branch] [carboxylic acid without e]oate

Question 25

Are esters polar?

Answer 25

YEs

Question 26

WHy do esters have lower melting and boiling points than alcohols?

Answer 26

ALthough they do have hydroxyl groups, they are not free.