Intro to Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Common Valences: H,C,N,O,F,S,P,Si,Cl

A

H=0,C=4,N=3,O=2,F=1,S=1,P=5,Si=4,Cl=1

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2
Q

Formal Charge

A

FC=# valence e- - #bonds - # non-bonding e-

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3
Q

VESPER Orbitals: sp,sp2,sp3,sp3d,sp3,d2

A

sp: 180°, linear
sp2: 120°, Trigonal Planar
sp3: 109.5°, Tetrahedral, pyramidal
sp3d: 90°, 120°, Trigonal-bi pyramidal, see-saw, t-shaped, linear
sp3d2: 90°,90°, octahedral, square pyramidal, square planar

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4
Q

Huckel’s Rule (resonance)

A

4n+2 pi-electrons

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5
Q

Nucleophile

A

δ-, attacks δ+, donate e-, lewis base

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6
Q

Electropile

A

δ+, attacks δ-, accept e-, lewis acid

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7
Q

Alkane

A

C-C

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8
Q

Alkene

A

C=C

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9
Q

Alkyne

A

C-(3)-C

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10
Q

Alcohol

A

R-OH

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11
Q

Ether

A

R-O-R’

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12
Q

Amine

A

R-N-H R-N-H R-N-R’
| | |
H R’ R’’

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13
Q

Aldehyde

A

O
||
R-C-H

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14
Q

Ketone

A

O
||
R-C-R’

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15
Q

Carboxylic Acid

A

O
||
R-C-OH

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16
Q

Ester

A

O
||
R-C-O-R’

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17
Q

Amide

A

O
||
R-C-NH2

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18
Q

Alkyl

A

C-C-X

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19
Q

Gem-dihalide

A

C-C-X
|
X

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20
Q

Vic-Dihalide

A

C-C-X
| |
X X

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21
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH

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22
Q

Alkoxy

A

-OR

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23
Q

Hemiacetal

A
OH
         |
     R-C-O-R'
         |
        H
24
Q

Hemiketal

A
OH
         |
     R-C-O-R'
         |
        R''
25
Mesyl Group
``` O || CH3-S- || O ```
26
Tosyl Group
``` O || Ar-S-S || O ```
27
Carbonyl
O || -C-
28
Acetyl
O || -C-CH3
29
Acyl
O || -C-R
30
Anhydride
O O || || R-C-O-C-R
31
Aryl
-Ar
32
Benzyl
Ar-CH2-
33
Hydrazine
N-N
34
Hydrazone
R=N-N
35
Vinyl
CH2=CH-
36
Allyl
CH2=CH | CH2-
37
Vinylic
C=C-X
38
Nitrile
C-3-N
39
Epoxide
O / \ C - C
40
Enamine Imine
CR2 || R-C-NRH CR2 || R-C=NR
41
Oxime
R | R-C-N-OH
42
Nitro
``` O || -N+ || O- ```
43
Nitroso
-N=O
44
Structural Isomers
Same molecular formula, diff bond to bond connection
45
Conformational Isomer and types
Same molecular formula, diff spacial orientation | Anti-staggered (high priority groups very separated)
46
Stereoisomer
Same molecular formula and bonds
47
Enantiomers
Non-Superimposavle mirror images
48
Determining Absolute Configuration
R (clockwise) or S (counterclockwise) 1. Det. high and low priority atoms by atomic wt. (x bonds) 2. Point lowest grp into page 3. Draw circle high to low
49
Relative Configuration
Differ in only 1 substituent around C, other substituents oriented identically
50
Optical Inactivity
Due to racemic mixture
51
Optical Activity
Must be chiral and enantiomers are separated
52
Diastereomers
Same molecular formula, same bonds, NOT mirror images, NOT same compound
53
Epimers
Diastereomers that differ in 1 chiral C
54
Anomers
Cyclic diastereomers formed when ring closes at epimeric C
55
Cis/Trans isomers
Cis: same side, dipolar moment, sterically hindered Trans: opposite sides, no dipolar moment
56
Cis/Trans w/ tri/tetra substituted alkenes
E=high priority substituents on opposite sides | Z=high priority substituents on same sides