Intro to Gen Chem

Question 1

Mass #

Answer 1

Protons + Neutrons (top number)

Question 2

Atomic #

Answer 2

Protons (bottom number)

Determines identity

Question 3

Isotope

Answer 3

Two or more atoms of same element but differing neutrons

Question 4

Cation

Answer 4

protons > # e-

Question 5

Anion

Answer 5

protons

Question 6

Salt

Answer 6

Cation + anion

Question 7

Periodic Table Trend: Atomic #

Answer 7

Increase L -> R

Question 8

Non-metals

Answer 8

On the right, form anions (gain e-), use covalent bonds

Question 9

Metals

Answer 9

On the left, form cations (lose e-), use ionic bonds

Question 10

Metaloids

Answer 10

Makes up the border, some non-metal/metal qualities

Question 11

Representative vs. Transition

Answer 11

1,2,13,14,15,16,17,18 vs 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

Ions by closest noble gas config. vs. lose e- from highest s subshell, then d-shell

Question 12

Common Transition Metals

Answer 12

1+ ions: grp 11 Cu+, Ag+, Au+
2+ ions: most others
3+ ions: Cr 3+, Fe 3+, Au 3+, Al 3+, Bi 3+

Question 13

Alkali Metal Characteristics

Answer 13

Grp 1
Easily form 1+ cations (Na+)
Rxns: + nonmetals = ionic comp
\+ hydrogen = hydride
\+ water = metal hydroxide and H gas

Question 14

Alkaline Earth Metal Characteristics

Answer 14

Grp 2

Form 2+ cations (Mg 2+)

Question 15

Group 14

Answer 15

Form 4 covalent bonds with non-metals (2 more possible past 2nd period)
Only C forms strong pi-bonds

Question 16

Group 15

Answer 16

Form 3 covalent bonds (2 additional past 2nd period, 1 additional w/ Lewis Base, N form it’s 4th by donating lone pair of e-)
N makes strong pi-bonds
P makes weak pi-bonds

Question 17

Oxygen Group

Answer 17

Grp 16
Oxygen (O2 & O3): 2nd most electronegative, strong pi-bonds
Sulfur (S8): Can form 2-6 bonds, strong double bonds

Question 18

Halogens

Answer 18

Grp 17
F, Cl, Br, I highly reactive
F only 1 bond

Question 19

Nobel Gases

Answer 19

Grp 18

Non-reactive

Question 20

Periodic Trends: Atomic Radius

Answer 20

Decreases left -> right (more protons pulling on e-)

Increases top -> bottom (outer e- being shielded)

Question 21

Periodic Trends: Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)

Answer 21

Charge felt by most recently added e-
Increases left -> right
Increases top -> bottom (addition of shells)

Question 22

Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy

Answer 22

Energy needed to detach an e- from an atom
Increases left -> right
Decreases top -> bottom (due to increased radius)

Question 23

Periodic Trends: Electronegativity

Answer 23

Tendency of an atom to attract e- shared in covalent bond
Increases left -> right
Decreases top -> bottom
Large diff (1.6+) = ionic bond
Mod diff (0.5-1.5) = polar covalent bond
Minor diff (0-0.4) = non-polar covalent bond

Question 24

Periodic Trends: Electron Affinity

Answer 24

Willingness of atom to accept additional e-
Increases left -> right
Decreases top -> bottom

Question 25

Pauli-exclusion principle

Answer 25

No 2 e- can have same 4 quantum #s

Question 26

Quantum Numbers

Answer 26

Principle, n, shell level Azimuthal, l, subshell shape Magnetic, ml, orbital w/in subshell Spin, ms

Question 27

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Answer 27

You don't really know the position or momentum of a particle

Question 28

Subshell filling

Answer 28

s: grps 1,2 p: grps 13-18 d: 3-12

Question 29

Electron Configuration

Answer 29

``` s p d f 1 1s 2 2s 2p 3 3s 3p 3d 4 4s 4p 4d 4f 5 5s 5p 5d 5f ```

Question 30

Hund's Rule

Answer 30

All orbitals in a subshell will contain 1 e- befroe filling any orbitals completely

Question 31

Photoelectric Effect

Answer 31

Demonstrates existance of 1:1 photon:e- collision | KE=hf - Φ

Question 32

Covalent Bond

Answer 32

e- shared between atoms, non-metals

Question 33

Ionic Bond

Answer 33

e- transferred from one atom to another

Question 34

Dipole Moment

Answer 34

When center of + charge doesn't coincide with center of - charge, polar bond can be created

Question 35

H bond

Answer 35

Strongest dipole-dipole (H to F,O,N)

Question 36

London dispersion forces/Van der Waals

Answer 36

Between two instantaneous dipoles, weakest force

Question 37

Transition metal naming

Answer 37

Cation/anion followed by charge in Roman numeral

Question 38

Non-metal cation naming

Answer 38

Cation ends in -ium

Question 39

Non-metal anion naming

Answer 39

Simple end in -ide multiple O end in -ite or -ate hypo- and per- for more

Question 40

Ionic compound

Answer 40

cation + anion name (furthest left and lowest 1st) | 2nd element ends in -ide

Question 41

``` mega micro kilo nano deci pico centi femento milli ```

Answer 41

``` M 10^6 µ 10^-6 k 10^3 n 10^-9 d 10^-1 p 10^-12 c 10^-2 f 10^-15 m 10^-3 ```

Question 42

Empirical Formula

Answer 42

Smallest ratio of whole # used to represent molecule

Question 43

Molecular Formula

Answer 43

Exact # of elemental atoms

Question 44

Percent Composition by Mass

Answer 44

MW of 1 element's atoms/MW of total atoms X 100%

Question 45

Finding Empirical Formula

Answer 45

x g element 1/ x atomic wt. = #x y g element 2/ y atomic wt. = #y #x/#y = ratio

Question 46

Combination Rxn

Answer 46

A+B->C

Question 47

Decomposition Rxn

Answer 47

C->A+B

Question 48

Single Displacement Rxn

Answer 48

A+BC->B+AC

Question 49

Double Displacement Rxn

Answer 49

AB+CD->AD+CB

Question 50

Redox Rxn

Answer 50

2Au 3+ + 3Zn ->2Au + 3Zn2+

Question 51

Combustion

Answer 51

C_6H_12 + 9O_2 -> 6CO_2 + 6H_20

Question 52

Theoretical Yield

Answer 52

Actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

Question 53

Moles

Answer 53

g/molecular weight

Question 54

Gram to Amu

Answer 54

1 g = 6.02x23 amu

Question 55

Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Control

Answer 55

Thermo:More stable, req higher nrg input, slow Kinetic: Less stable, req lower nrg, faster

Question 56

Arrhenius Equation

Answer 56

k=Ae^(-Ea/RT) R=8.314J K^-1 mol^-1 Ea increase= rate constant decrease catalysts increase rate constant by decreasing Ea Temp increases rate constant rms molecular velocity increases rate constant

Question 57

Rate Law

Answer 57

Rate=k[A]^α [B]^β

Question 58

Half life

Answer 58

A_t=A_o e^(-kt)

Question 59

Alpha Decay

Answer 59

Lose He nucleus,-4 in mass, -2 in Atomic #

Question 60

Beta Decay

Answer 60

Neutron -> proton, e- emitted, no change in mass, +1 in atomic #

Question 61

e- capture

Answer 61

Proton -> neutron, e- absorbed, no change in mass, -1 in atomic #

Question 62

Positron emission (Beta+)

Answer 62

Proton -> neutron, positron emitted, no change in mass, -1 in atomic #

Question 63

Gamma Decay

Answer 63

Neutron -> proton, e- emitted, no change in mass or atomic #